tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75623577116922137972024-03-08T01:00:32.729-08:00Hot to write an essayPolitical Science Essay Topic AsiaNeal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.comBlogger81125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-16658802358601125542020-08-27T13:20:00.001-07:002020-08-27T13:20:05.750-07:00Kathak and Social Communication Essay Example for FreeKathak and Social Communication Essay Sociology and Communication ââ¬ËKathakââ¬â¢ is one of the most well known types of Indian traditional move. We have grown up watching it in motion pictures from UmraoJaanuptoDevdas. Most little youngsters in India even beginning gaining kathak directly from the youthful age of 5 years. Anyway is kathak only a basic social result of the nation that can be considered as a real part of the masterful fortunes of this land or is there a bigger comprehension to the equivalent? Through this article we will go through the excursion of time and perceive how a thing as basic and unadulterated as an antiquated move structure can disclose to us the tales of the social, strict, political changes of the nation. The Fifth Veda Generally the Hindu society was partitioned in five varnas â⬠Brahmins (educated people), Kshatriya (warriors), vaishya (traders), shudra (unskilled workers), achoot (untouchables). The reason for this type of division was to have an increasingly sorted out society by appropriating it on premise of the kind of work performed. Anyway with time this turned into a progressive division of the general public which prompted mistreatment of the lower position (shudra untouchables) by the upper rank individuals. In this whole battle for power the heavenly hindu sacred texts (the Vedas) stayed as the sole ownership of the Brahmins or the informed class. Any endeavor to try and contact these blessed messages by individuals from the lower rank was viewed as a wrongdoing. Indeed, even our sacred content of Ramayana portrays an occurrence where ruler Ram (mariyadapurushottam) slashes of the leader of an individual from the lower position when he endeavors to peruse the Vedas. The shudraââ¬â ¢s were illegal to tune in to these puranas (heavenly messages). (Massey, 1999) Itââ¬â¢s accepted that seeing this condition of the general public divine beings asked Lord Brahma to devise something which would be available to all and tie this general public together. This is the means by which the fifth veda or Natya Veda was conceived. The Hindu legends have accounts of brahma instructing Bharata (the then ruler of Bharat what we know as India) the Natya Veda and later his 100 children turned into the specialists of music, move and show. The Bharat NatyaShashtra has been differently dated from second century BC to third century AD. This Veda was regular for all segments of society and all sexual orientations. Stories and educating were told through move. This is the place we saw the introduction of Kathak as a move structure. Kathak Kathak is gotten from the root word Katha which implies story. Kathak as a move structure was utilized to describe stories for the most part legendary stories principally for the capacity of instructing individuals. This was the main structure wherein individuals all things considered and sexes could share their learning. This move structure was spread far and wide through abhinayawhich meaning ââ¬Ëa conveying to the spectatorsââ¬â¢. This type of move contained different components:(Massey, 1999) Kathak Abhinaya Notion and Mood Unadulterated Dance Emotional Element Vachik: verse, tune, recitation, music and musicality Aharya: ensemble, make-up, gems Satvik: physical indication of mental and passionate states Angik: signals of the body Nritya Nritta Natya Position Politics The Hindu position separate that Kathak attempted to break down in the long run took another type of masteries. The Brahmins considered this to be as lost their incomparability and force; henceforth they acquired another point to the equivalent. As indicated by the Brahmins since move was only another type of revering god they had the preeminent state in these issues. The social human studies of Kathak artists in history is subsequently exceptionally interesting as it got likened to the clerical standing and even the kathak masters in the northern belt of india spoke to the Brahmin status.(Booth, 2005) The Brahmins not just isolated this type of move from its center reason for restricting individuals across different positions yet additionally hit the sex edge by getting the idea of devdasi . These were ladies who were committed to move and sing just for god. These ladies were neither permitted to wed, nor have any type of physical connections. In this manner the force match was dominated by the Brahmins by playing their cards of standing and sex legislative issues. Sex Politics Customarily Kathak was intended to be a stage open to all. It defamiliarises the standard sexual and social experience of ladies and men as individuals. Indian folklore additionally uncovers different stories epitomizing sexual orientation uncertainty, bisexuality, sex changes, male pregnancy, and erotica through a portion of the allegorical talks identified with divine beings, goddesses, brilliant fairies, and evil presences, just as sages, monks and yogis. There have been incalculable instances of rising above sexual orientation in kathak. Men dressed like ladies and performed. The idea of sexual orientation in the Natya Veda is exceptionally unpredictable. It accepts that sexual orientation is past our physical being, it is associated with our spirit and spirits yearn for the acknowledgment moksha which must be accomplished when one can get liberated from the shackles of real presence. According to the Tantric way of thinking the Supreme Being is conceptualized as one complex sex, includes both male and female (on the privilege and left side individually). So as to achieve salvation one must have the option to rise above these shackles of oneââ¬â¢s sex.(Shah, 1998) Even in the Pre-Vedic writing Shiva is known as ardhanarishwara, which means containing the polarities of both male and female power as Shiva-Shakti. Move is a significant methods by which social belief systems of sex distinction are repeated. Through development jargon, costuming, self-perception, preparing, and method, talks of move are frequently established in thoughts of common sexual orientation distinction However as time passed Kathak additionally went under the domain of the political round of sex and itââ¬â¢s got named with the tag of being a move structure just for the females. Indeed, even the narratives described through kathak like the tales of master Krishna have adjusted. Prior it was accepted that Radha was Krihnaââ¬â¢shladini Shakti and not quite the same as him, subsequently the move was acted in a semi-roundabout way where a similar artist played the jobs of both Krishna and Radha. Be that as it may, presently these jobs are performed by various actors.(Chatterjee, 1996) CHANGING DIMENSIONS OF WOMEN The introduction of Kathak occurred with the Benarasgharana of kathak which was then controlled by the Rajputs. This move structure at that point headed out to Jaipur building up the Jaipur gharana of kathak. Despite the fact that both these structures were exceptionally ruled by females they despite everything had an extraordinary regard as far as a craft of recounting accounts of god and teaching others on the forces of truth , uprightness and so on. Anyway when the Mughalââ¬â¢s attacking our nation and the marriage of JodhaBai and Akbar occurred two refined combined. The Mughals got artists from Persia and caught ladies structure india and got them prepared in kathak. Itââ¬â¢s from this time onwards that Kathak got marked as the mistresses move what we today call as tawaââ¬â¢if or prostitutes.(Massey, 1999) The ensembles changed and the new gharana of Kathak was conceived which is today the most renowned one â⬠Luckhnowgharana. The dressed transformed from the ghaghra (like a long skirt) to chudidar. The dresses were more tight at the bust and introduced the ladies as an explicitly alluring item. A ton of progress occurred in the fundamental hand developments and introduction if the move and a move that used to recount to the romantic tale of Krishna and Radha at one time turned into a move structure with developments intended to tempt men. In the entire force battle and standing governmental issues it was the ladies who endured the most and were vigorously misused. DURING THE COLONIAL INDIA During the British pioneer rule move turned into a device of defiance and political obstruction. It exhibited solidarity and force. The moving womenââ¬â¢s position changed from ââ¬Ëpure and piousââ¬â¢ to ââ¬Ëfallen and sinfulââ¬â¢ and consequently either casualties or perpetuators of the fiendishness of move. Ladies were urged to show their magnificence, vitality, aptitude, erotic nature and alluring quality in move. Hence for the dread of sparing there young ladies from the being looked on as an object of want move turned into a prohibited action for citizenry particularly the upper position. This mentality exists even today, as we donââ¬â¢t see numerous young ladies from the high society of society taking up moving. Anyway these outlooks are evolving gradually.(Reed, 1998) Master and SHISHYA According to Natyashashtra an acharya or instructor ought to have a characteristic information on vocal and instrumental music, move, mood and development. He should additionally have creative mind, knowledge, innovative staff, memory, sharpness and ability to shape the instructed. The shishyas, or the instructed, then again ought to be canny, retentive, thankful, gave, energetic and must want to exceed expectations. This type of educating has been proceeded after some time anyway the quintessence of the connection has got lost with the loss of the unadulterated and devout status of move. Social SYMBOL Today Kathak has been ascribed with different new implications on the worldwide stage like * Traditional legacy of India * Carrier of Indian culture * Indianness * Recounting the critical past Today kathak has become a social item that gets sold in type of a couple of move shows and exhibitions anyway it has lost its unique reason and ethos(Royo, 2004) KATHAK AND MOVIES Kathak has consistently been utilized as a significant apparatus in film. In 1955 exemplary, JhanakJhanakpayalBaje by V. Shantaram the filmââ¬â¢s legend, Ghirdar goes after masterful incomparability in Kathak move against another artist Ram Prasad. Ghirdarââ¬â¢s triumph is guaranteed during the last arrangement of musical efficient turns or chakkras which he performs richly, anyway his rival is left all discombobulated. Ghirdhar here is from Varanasi, the origin of kathak and a definitive hindu city and his adversary is from Agra the Mughal capital which is related with t Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-47132440035460252992020-08-22T23:37:00.001-07:002020-08-22T23:37:27.768-07:0015 Types of Documents15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents By Mark Nichol Numerous terms exist that recognize one type of documentation from another. Here are a few words for explicit archives, with clarifications of their capacities just as extra meanings of the terms. 1. Security: an understanding made official by an installment of cash if the understanding isn't regarded; additionally, a glue, limiting, or joining component, power, or object, or, as an action word, to make such an impact 2. Endorsement: a record bearing witness to that something is valid or somebody is qualified, or demonstrating obligation or proprietorship, or, as an action word, to affirm 3. Sanction: a composed agreement or instrument, or award or assurance, that characterizes conditions, benefits, or rights, or a rent of all or part of a vessel, or, as an action word, to give such an understanding, or to offer available 4. Smaller: an understanding (related however not indistinguishable from conservative, which means ââ¬Å"denseâ⬠) 5. Constitution: a composed instrument itemizing a political or social entityââ¬â¢s rules and the privileges of its residents or individuals, the laws or standards of such a substance, or any custom or law; additionally, the arrangement or foundation of something 6. Agreement: a record itemizing an understanding, regularly enforceable by law, between individuals or parties, or the understanding itself, or, as an action word, to go into an understanding; likewise, in criminal language, a plan to kill somebody 7. Contract: an archive recording a conventional authoritative understanding, or the understanding itself, or an activity to cure penetrate of such an understanding, or, as an action word, to settle on such an understanding 8. Confirmation: as a rule alludes to a record of a degree earned from an instructive organization, in spite of the fact that it additionally applies once in a while all in all to an archive giving a respect or benefit or to an official report 9. Assurance: a composed or expressed understanding about having or utilizing something or about the life span or nature of an item, or the operator of, for example, understanding, or, as an action word, to give such an understanding 10. Surety: equivalent with ensure, yet in addition a consent to be answerable for installment of an obligation or execution of an obligation, or a vow (see beneath), or, as an action word, to give such an understanding 11. Permit: a record or other thing that is proof of the conceding of a permit, or the position to take part in an action, or task of a few or all rights by a patent or copyright holder to another, or, as an action word to give such a report; additionally, wandering from creative structures or guidelines and, for the most part, opportunity or authorization to act, or, explicitly, untrustworthily or with negligence for gauges (in the last detects, likewise alluded to as lustfulness) 12. Visa: a record approving the carrier to go into and out of sovereign countries, or, as an action word to send or take things through a nation; likewise, by and large, approval or authorization to travel, or, allegorically, something that empowers accomplishment of an objective 13. Vow: a coupling guarantee to do or not accomplish something, or an agreement for execution of a demonstration or security of an obligation, or the security itself, or, as an action word, to consent to such a guarantee or agreement 14. Guarantee: equal with assurance or vow, or sureness, certainty, or the establishment of certainty or security 15. Warrant: a report doling out power to do or act, or, as an action word, to guarantee, proclaim, or ensure Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-59094748929579962402020-08-22T12:01:00.001-07:002020-08-22T12:01:19.761-07:00Business Decision Making EssaysBusiness Decision Making Essays Business Decision Making Essay Business Decision Making Essay The business investigate process furnishes a guide with bearings for leading a business explore venture. There are three stages in the exploration procedure. They are the definition, execution and scientific stages. Stage 1: Formulation stage includes characterizing the substance and procedure of the exploration. To Develop: Theory, Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Study Design/Method. Model: Assume an extravagance maker came and looked for help from my organization which gives business meeting administrations. He was stressed over how to section the flow market.I would structure the exploration goals as per the Maslows pecking order of necessities hypothesis, eg. What number of individuals are there experiencing this region? their pay level. their occupation, etc. I would accept that individuals of certain salary level would be enthusiasm for extravagance merchandise to show their status. The exploration will be planned particularly made for this extravagance organization. Stage 2: Execution stage analyst is effectively assembling data from the proper sources. This data is then checked for mistakes, coded, and put away in a way that permits it to be broke down rapidly and conveniently.Example: After the structure of research is finished, I would send it to the advertising staff to actualize the examination, check the blunders. At that point I would change the examination inquiries into surveys, post them on the web or appropriate them to specific zones. After individuals completed the surveys, I would assemble all the data, check for mistakes, coded them into SPSS, and examined directly on the SPSS program. Stage 3: Analytical stage information are broke down. Theories are tried and either (an) upheld, or (b) not bolstered, in view of contrasting the real investigation result and the result anticipated in the plan stage.Results are inspected to give answers to the key research questions. The leader at that point take activities dependent on better informati on on the circumstance. Model: when the information have been investigated, I would test if the theories are bolstered or not upheld. At that point make the end. (b) Recent business patterns have influenced business investigate from numerous points of view. They have helped shape the kinds of research played out, the manner in which research is led and the marvels that are considered, just as the significance of research in business choice making.Among the more significant patterns affecting business investigate are global research, relationship showcasing and data transformation. Worldwide research. Firms the world over now perform business research to improve their dynamic. This exploration impacts choices regularly including new societies. Internationalization implies business investigate likewise should take a universal core interest. Troublesome administrative choices including customers and workers in an outside culture are made significantly increasingly troublesome by a vari ety of correspondence boundaries, both verbal and nonverbal.These choices require investigate with respect to social contrasts including the capacity to decipher importance from one language into a similar importance in another dialect. The web implies numerous organizations currently consider the world their market. Likewise, translational identicalness which implies that content can be made an interpretation of starting with one language then onto the next and afterward back to the first language with no bending in importance, gets basic. Relationship advertising Relationship showcasing underscores long haul associations between a business and its stakeholders.The development of relationship promoting is changing examination as far as who and what is contemplated. A primary part of relationship promoting is the acknowledgment a firm can't be everything to everyone. Something else, restricted assets will be spent on unrewarding clients. Fruitful organizations have faithful clients, steadfast workers and steadfast partners. Relationship showcasing has set an expanded accentuation on the investigation of reliability related elements. Representative devotion issues, for example, turnover and authoritative responsibility have been concentrated regularly as a result of their relationship to firm performance.Turnover speaks to the normal residency of a worker and recommends a substitution rate expected to look after creation. Authoritative duty is how much a worker relates to the objectives and estimations of a firm. Data upset The data age has encouraged many research forms. Mechanical advances in processing and electronic stockpiling have significantly expanded research effectiveness. Electronic interchanges, for example, messages, has supplanted the phone and conventional ââ¬Ësnail-mailââ¬â¢ for some kinds of business correspondences, including numerous issues straightforwardly identified with research.Networking permits more noteworthy correspondence and information move between invested individuals. Organization data is presently put away and recorded in an electronic configuration, these electronic information distribution centers supplant other all the more expensive ways to deal with putting away information. Electronic information warehousing plainly has changed the manner in which investigators and chiefs carry out their responsibilities. Further, various industry insights are currently accessible electronically. Inspired by the minimal effort of electronically putting away data and a craving to all the more likely comprehend different connections, numerous associations have created formal frameworks planned for recording exceptionally significant occasions in a database.The coming about database is an electronic portrayal of hierarchical memory. Hierarchical learning can be characterized as the disguise of both outer and inner data to be utilized as a contribution to dynamic. One generally new association learning device is i nformation mining. Information mining electronically digs information product houses for data that distinguishes approaches to improve authoritative execution. Business explore even stretches out past the earth. Numerous organizations are assembling and dissecting data got from Global Positioning Satellite devices.GPS permits constant following of development. Specialists can expected and ready to be more gainful than they were an age back. Question 2 (a) The graphical strategy of numerous line is embraced to show the quantity of occupation opening detailed in NSW, Victoria and Australia from 1998/99 to 2009/10. It is clear and simple to recognize the patterns among three places and make examinations by utilizing the line outline. We can see from the line diagram that the quantity of occupation opening is more noteworthy than the quantity of Victoria through all the periods.We can see an upward pattern in every one of the three spots. From 1998/99 to 1999/00, the activity opportunit ies drop somewhat in Victoria while the quantity of NSW went down significantly from 20,000 to roughly 10,000. Occupation opportunities in Victoria were on the ascent from 1999/00 to 2008/09. Be that as it may, simultaneously, the quantity of NSW varied inside the scope of 20,000 to 40,000. In 2007/08, the activity opening crested at 40,000, trailed by an emotional fall. The general pattern of employment opening announced in Australia was like NSW. It bottomed at 37,000 out of 1999/00 and topped at 116,000 of every 2007/08. (b)The graphical procedures of grouped bar outline is embraced to show the level of income by three business fragments, worldwide aircraft activities, residential carrier tasks and auxiliary tasks, from 2004 to 2010. By utilizing bunched bar graph, the rate in each section become apparent, besides, it is anything but difficult to make examinations. The income by worldwide carrier activities represented the biggest extent in all the years aside from 2010. The figu re crested in 2009 with over 60%. In 2010, the profit made by local carrier tasks surpassed the income of global aircraft operations.The income made by auxiliary activities changed in this period from 2004 to 2010. The graphical strategies of stacked bar outline is received to show the figures of income as per geographic region, Australia, UK and Europe, Japan, Southeast and Northeast, Asia, America and the pacific and different nations, from 2004 to 2010. By utilizing stacked bar outline, the measure of income in each section become clear, additionally, it is anything but difficult to make examinations among seven years. We can observer an upward pattern for the all out profit in seven regions. The profit made by Australia represented the biggest extent through all the years.Australiaââ¬â¢s income figure topped in 2010 with increasingly 10000. Obviously the profit made by Australia were on the ascent from 2004 to 2010, while simultaneously, the various geographic territories sta yed steady. Question 3 Brief report for the Frank City Council Respondents sexual orientation FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent Validmale2141. 242. 042. 0 female2956. 958. 0100. 0 Total5098. 0100. 0 MissingSystem12. 0 Total51100. 0 Of the example, a huge extent of the example is female (58%), while 42% of the example is male. Insights Age of respondent NValid50 Missing1Mean46. 78 Median45. 50 Mode35a Std. Deviation18. 074 Variance326. 665 Range78 Minimum21 Maximum99 Percentiles2531. 75 5045. 50 7560. 00 a. Numerous modes exist. The littlest worth is appeared In Frank City, there are three principle age bunches in the example with 23-25 years of age, 33-44 years of age and 57-65 years of age. Individuals of different ages are really even inside the range from 21 to 99 years of age. The base age is 21 years of age and the most extreme age is 99 years of age. The Average age is 46 years of age. Ethnicity of respondent FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent Validw hite2549. 050. 050. 0 lack1733. 334. 084. 0 other815. 716. 0100. 0 Total5098. 0100. 0 MissingSystem12. 0 Total51100. 0 In the example, the majority of the individuals are white (half), 34% are dark, 16% are different ethnicities. White individuals represented the larges Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-81043971479089812532020-08-21T21:19:00.001-07:002020-08-21T21:19:06.626-07:00From what frequent activity do you derive your greatest joy Why is Personal StatementFrom what visit action do you determine your most noteworthy bliss Why is this movement significant to you, and how can it shape your point of view on life (500 words or less) - Personal Statement Example Competitors were the encapsulation of intensity for me and, obviously, I envisioned myself playing. I never missed Yankee games and calmly hung tight for the day I would go to the arena with my father. Be that as it may, it was not all I needed to do in my life. Growing up, I was turning out to be increasingly more inspired by the methodology of the game and baseball instructing appeared to be the best job I could have in my life. Everything changed whenever I had the chance to attempt myself as a mentor in eleventh grade. I began chipping in as a mentor at the 68th Precent youth baseball in Brooklyn, New York. I recall this involvement in a grin all over in light of the fact that it was so incredible to assist little children with succeeding. I was in excess of a mentor for those children; I attempted to be a good example for them and indicated that great deeds constantly took care of. A few kids in my group had unique needs and I felt extremely extraordinary helping them to support their accomplishments in sport and in life making them increasingly open for correspondence and new things. We imparted numerous uncommon minutes to the group; despite the fact that not every one of them were cheerful, there was a unique environment that encompassed our correspondence. Every one of those children helped me to remember myself; I encountered similar issues, felt gravely when I was unable to play well and was energiz ed when my group dominated the match. Generally speaking, I comprehended that baseball instructing was what I expected to do to be cheerful. This training experience discloses numerous things to me. I understand that numerous things in life are not tied in with winning. It is increasingly charming to be glad and offer satisfaction with others. Raised to be over-achievers, my age frequently endeavors to win under any conditions however at times triumph doesn't fulfill individuals. Triumph improves for quite a while, however this inclination vanishes and leaves nothing after it. With everything taken into account, I like baseball since it is in excess of a game where one should win. I treat this game as recollections about my Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-78714374301791495432020-08-21T09:43:00.001-07:002020-08-21T09:43:11.861-07:00Global Perspective Essay TopicsGlobal Perspective Essay TopicsGlobal perspective essay topics should be chosen based on your perspective. If you are in the business of trying to grow your international business by using different marketing methods, then you may want to start considering a global perspective.There are several different types of global perspective essay topics that you can choose from. It will be necessary for you to consider what type of opportunity you are looking to get involved with and how to best present that opportunity through a global perspective essay topic.Many international business people do not realize the importance of a global perspective when they are writing a global perspective essay topic. Most of these people have a limited understanding of international business and they end up focusing on a singular market and neglecting the business opportunities that exist internationally.Today's world is such a complex and volatile place that the current global economy is not an indication of where the future of business lies. You may be interested in the global economy and want to apply yourself in that area, but if you really want to expand your horizons then you should begin developing a global perspective. This will allow you to take a look at global opportunities in a new light.Many people do not understand the importance of international business and do not realize that they are responsible for bringing a great deal of wealth into the global community. You can't expect to succeed in this area without taking the time to gain the knowledge and skills needed to effectively market international business.One of the things that you need to keep in mind when it comes to developing global perspective essay topics is that you should spend a considerable amount of time researching international businesses. The best way to do this is to read articles and news articles that focus on international businesses and to obtain as much information as possible. You may find that ce rtain areas of the world are not well-known to people outside of the area, so you may want to consider interviewing some of the business people in that region.Before you submit your global perspective essay topic, you may want to first decide exactly what you would like to write about and what you want to cover. You also need to consider what kind of competition you are going up against and what the best parts of the world to market internationally are.When you develop your own global perspective essay topics, you will be able to give your readers a complete picture of the world that you are looking to help promote and nurture. If you take some time to consider all of the options available to you, you will be able to find a unique angle on any topic that will make a unique international business opportunity stand out. Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-4974458139408121492020-07-03T00:41:00.001-07:002020-07-03T00:41:02.557-07:00Parties and Pretrial Procedures - 825 WordsParties and Pretrial Procedures (Essay Sample) Content: Parties and Pretrial Procedures Name Institution Parties and Pretrial Procedures The grand jury plays a significant role in the criminal procedure, but not the one that involves a finding of guilt or punishment of the defendant. Usually, prosecutors work with the grand jury to decide whether to issue criminal charges or an indictment against a potential defendant. It should be noted that this is usually reserved for serious felonies. Notably, the grand jury is one of the initial procedures in any criminal trial in the United States. The grand jury is often used rather than the prosecutor simply issuing a criminal charge since their proceedings are much more relaxed than the normal court proceedings. Also, it allows the prosecutor to explain the law to the jury and work with them to collect evidence and hear testimony. Additionally, grand juries serves to encourage witnesses to speak freely and without any fear of retaliation and to protect the potential defendant's reputation in case the jury does not reach an indictment decision. Moreover, the grand jury is cruc ial as it ensures that the prosecutor has enough evidence to issue a charge against a potential defendant in order to avoid futile proceedings (Branham, 2013). The grand jury may only issue an indictment for a crime (true bill) only if it finds, after considering the evidence presented, that there is a probable cause to believe that a crime was committed by a suspect. Moreover, since grand juries meet behind closed doors, their proceedings are usually cloaked in secrecy. At the beginning of each case, the prosecutor will give the grand jury a true bill containing all the criminal charges being levelled against the potential defendant (Branham, 2013). The prosecutor will then present witnesses and any other evidence to support the charges. After the presentation of all the evidence, the grand jury then determines if there is probable cause to support the charges. If the grand jury finds there is enough evidence to support the charges, they will issue a true bill indictment. On the other hand, if the grand jury finds there is no probable cause to support the charges, they will issue an indictment of no bill (Hall, 2012). Contrary to the regular juries, grand juries usually operate behind closed doors as aforementioned. This implies that the defendant and his or her attorney are not allowed to be present as only the prosecuting attorney and any subpoenaed witnesses are authorized to be in attendance during the proceedings. Unlike a petit jury, which resolves a specific criminal or civil case, a grand jury (typically containing twelve to twenty three members) serves as a group for a sustained period of time in all or many of the cases that arise in the jurisdiction. This is generally done under the supervision of a federal attorney, a county district attorney, or a state attorney general and hears the evidence without the potential defendant being involved in the proceedings. Even when summoned, the defendant or the attorney representing him or her may choose not to be present since witnesses are not cross-examined during the grand jury proceedings. Prosecutors and defense attorneys usually attempt to resolve a case prior to it being taken to the grand jury through the means of the 14th Amendment's due process, both procedural and substantive. The substantive due process seeks to safeguard those individual rights which do not have a specific textual basis in the Constitution alongside its Amendments. Alternatively, the procedural due process is a principle required by the Constitution that when the federal or state government act in such a way that denies a citizen of a life, property interest or liberty, the individual must first be given notice and the opportunity to be heard. Thus, it is the factors of the nature of the United States' due process that has influenced the development of the plea bargaining aspect within the criminal justice system (Hall, 2012). Plea bargains can be termed as agreements between the defense attorneys and the prosecutors where defendants agree to plead guilty to either part or all the charges agai nst them in exchange for conces... Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-36195301987452046342020-05-25T19:30:00.001-07:002020-05-25T19:30:03.799-07:00What Is the Social Learning Theory Social learning theory is a theory that attempts to explain socialization and its effect on the development of the self. There are many different theories that explain how people become socialized, including psychoanalytic theory, functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction theory. Social learning theory, like these others, looks at the individual learning process, the formation of self, and the influence of society in socializing individuals. The History of Social Learning Theory Social learning theory considers the formation of oneââ¬â¢s identity to be a learned response to social stimuli. It emphasizes the societal context of socialization rather than the individual mind. This theory postulates that an individualââ¬â¢s identity is not the product of the unconscious (such as the belief of psychoanalytic theorists), but instead is the result of modeling oneself in response to the expectations of others. Behaviors and attitudes develop in response to reinforcement and encouragement from the people around us. While social learning theorists acknowledge that childhood experience is important, they also believe that the identity people acquire is formed more by the behaviors and attitudes of others. Social learning theory has its roots in psychology and was shaped greatly by psychologist Albert Bandura. Sociologists most often use social learning theory to understand crime and deviance. Social Learning Theory and Crime/Deviance According to social learning theory, people engage in crime because of their association with others who engage in crime. Their criminal behavior is reinforced and they learn beliefs that are favorable to crime. They essentially have criminal models that they associate with. As a consequence, these individuals come to view crime as something that is desirable, or at least justifiable in certain situations. Learning criminal or deviant behavior is the same as learning to engage in conforming behavior: it is done through association with or exposure to others. In fact, association with delinquent friends is the best predictor of delinquent behavior other than prior delinquency. Social learning theory postulates that there are three mechanisms by which individuals learn to engage in crime: differential reinforcement, beliefs, and modeling. Differential Reinforcement of Crime Differential reinforcement of crime means that individuals can teach others to engage in crime by reinforcing and punishing certain behaviors. Crime is more likely to occur when it 1. Is frequently reinforced and infrequently punished; 2. Results in large amounts of reinforcement (such as money, social approval, or pleasure) and little punishment; and 3. Is more likely to be reinforced than alternative behaviors. Studies show that individuals who are reinforced for their crime are more likely to engage in subsequent crime, especially when they are in situations similar to those that were previously reinforced. Beliefs Favorable to Crime On top of reinforcing criminal behavior, other individuals can also teach a person beliefs that are favorable to crime. Surveys and interviews with criminals suggest that beliefs favoring crime fall into three categories. First is the approval of certain minor forms of crime, such as gambling, ââ¬Å"softâ⬠drug use, and for adolescents, alcohol use and curfew violation. Second is the approval of or justification of certain forms of crime, including some serious crimes. These people believe that crime is generally wrong, but that some criminal acts are justifiable or even desirable in certain situations. For example, many people will say that fighting is wrong, however, that it is justified if the individual has been insulted or provoked. Third, some people hold certain general values that are more conducive to crime and make crime appear as a more attractive alternative to other behaviors. For example, individuals who have a large desire for excitement or thrills, those who hav e a disdain for hard work and a desire for quick and easy success, or those who wish to be seen as ââ¬Å"toughâ⬠or ââ¬Å"machoâ⬠might view crime in a more favorable light than others. The Imitation of Criminal Models Behavior is not only a product of beliefs and reinforcements or punishments that individuals receive. It is also a product of the behavior of those around us. Individuals often model or imitate the behavior of others, especially if it is someone that individual looks up to or admires. For example, an individual who witnesses someone they respect committing a crime, who is then reinforced for that crime, is then more likely to commit a crime themselves. Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-84946847347185605512020-05-19T10:00:00.001-07:002020-05-19T10:00:16.677-07:00Analysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost - 1035 Words Satan is the first figure to speak in Miltonââ¬â¢s poems in Paradise Lost. His words to Beelzebub are the sort of utterances a politician would make to his party members after a defeat. It combines convincement with the virtue of emotional manipulation. Satanââ¬â¢s words shift like a dream from expression of grief and sympathy to the restatement of united defiance, to which Beelzebub replies unconsciously. Milton creates this shift so subtly that it is hardly noticed and highlights through this that the gift of the gabââ¬âthe talent of persuasive speechââ¬âis virtually the only resource that Satan possesses. However, the gift of the conversation is extensive and enough for Satan to carry on and try to meet his motives. It earns Satan the allegiance ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦That same line is brought out as a simile to ironically depict Satan as not a man moved by zeal for the common good but rather a self-seeking immortal stimulated by resentment to destroy virtu ousness. On line 678 of the same book, Milton uses the term ââ¬Å"Tempterâ⬠whereby it is Satan addressing the fruit before addressing Eve directly. Milton deems the mutual goodness is of outstanding significance. His opposition to kings relies on a principle that states can hardly benefit from monarchies, which are dangerously susceptible to the power held by a faulty individual. God is the only perfect king and thus no human being ought to take over Godââ¬â¢s empty throne. Milton is very aware of the ways in which a naked ambition would corrupt republics. He illustrates Satan as deeply cut off by his desires since he cannot put up with the common good afore his desires. An impression of frustration is thus brought out. Satan is frustrated, as he cannot achieve what he desires. Satan always demonstrates manipulation. Indeed, this is his instrumental trait when he makes speeches to other individuals. He gains an inconspicuous supremacy in the first disagreement between the wicked person in Book II by merely being the last to speak after they halt their debate. With monarchial pride, Satan claims the position of traitorous champion for fall of man (II, 428). Imperial sovereignty in his own monarchy, Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-16605487035619603712020-05-15T01:50:00.001-07:002020-05-15T01:50:04.159-07:00Search For Identity, Love And Truth - 967 Words Have you ever been woken up by somebody telepathically talking to you? Well, thatââ¬â¢s how our main character, Thomas, wakes from his deep slumber. His life has been a whirlwind up until this point. His best friend died, he doesnââ¬â¢t know where he is, and he barely can remember his life before he was thrown into the horrid maze that changed him forever. So far, Thomas has lost his girl Teresa and wondered the Scorched plains of what used to be the Earth. His group of boys has suffered multiple casualties including the injury of Minho their commander. They have also encountered a clan who call themselves ââ¬Å"Cranksâ⬠lead by a crazed, sleep-deprived, completely irrational man named Jorge. He seems totally out of it mentally but agrees to helpâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This time, theyââ¬â¢re forcing the children to complete the ââ¬Å"Scorch Trialsâ⬠. These trials are sets of daunting tasks that WICKED claims will benefit the human race if completed: â⬠Å"Continue to respond well to the Variables, continue to survive, and youââ¬â¢ll be rewarded with the knowledge that youââ¬â¢ve played a part in saving the human race. And yourselves, of courseâ⬠(Dashner 55). As the man said, they will have to endure the ââ¬Å"Variablesâ⬠that WICKED could change and any minute. For example, the boys ran into some inclement weather while traveling the arid plains of the Scorch. This storm, consisting of lighting and sand, ultimately ended in the demise of Winston, a good friend of Thomas, and left the once been ââ¬Å"Gladersâ⬠broken and defeated. Love. Itââ¬â¢s a very obscure concept to some, yet a very material necessity to others. The search for love has gone above and beyond what we would call ââ¬Å"normalâ⬠in this book. Thomas, being that he evidently had a childhood with Teresa, has fallen in love with her. Her ominous disappearance and resurgence early within the book lead the reader to believe WICKED is att empting to pry into Thomasââ¬â¢ mental stability. As the story progresses, Thomas and the boys reach the Cranks, as previously stated, they meet their leader Jorge and his fairly attractive assistant Brenda. Brenda immediately falls for Thomas. The line between his love for Brenda and Teresa is blurred by Brendaââ¬â¢s cogent displays of physical affection: ââ¬Å"ââ¬â¢No, Brenda,ââ¬â¢ he Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-80059065783225236342020-05-06T21:57:00.001-07:002020-05-06T21:57:36.138-07:00Opposing Forces in Heart of Darkness Essay - 1628 Words Opposing Forces in Heart of Darkness In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad sets up the opposing forces of black and white in order to convey the theme that every man has his own heart of darkness that is simply masked by the superficial light of civilization. The novella focuses primarily on Charlie Marlows journey into the African Congo, but simultaneously deals with many underlying themes. Marlow understood the basic premises of imperialism, but was unprepared for the world he encountered while in the wilderness. The world of the African jungle does not abide by the same laws with which Marlow had been raised in civilized Europe. There is an inherent savagery in the jungle that Marlow had not previously encountered andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In this case, the color white, usually associated with purity or goodness, becomes a symbol for the evil that was imperialist colonialism. The black of the natives skin, bearing the color often associated with evil and inner darkness, is a stark contrast to the white of the yarn. The fact that Marlow responded with questions ââ¬â Why? Where did he get it? (27) shows that he had not yet come into an understanding of the effects of imperialism on the wilderness. Marlow responds to the sight of the dying natives by running away from the horror, and continuing on his journey. Proceeding on his journey, Marlow encounters the Accountant of the Outer Station, a man dressed entirely in neatly pressed white linen. This man is directly representative of the ideas that Marlow associates with the civilization from whence he came. Despite the conditions in the Congo, for all of its savage and problematic nature, the man had stayed clean and conscientious. Marlow stated that, in keeping clean and orderly, the man had verily accomplished something (28). The man, though he is the outward representation of the ability to stay civilized, actually appears to be quite inhumane. His work keeps him right in the heart of the goings on at the station, and his response to whites and natives alike is the same; he responds to everyone with relative apathy and disregard. His bookwork for the station -Show MoreRelated Light and Dark in Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness Essay1677 Words à |à 7 PagesNow and Heart of Darkness à In Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, Marlow chooses a brighter path than his counterpart in Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now, Capt. Willard. The two share in the duty of searching for and discovering Kurtz, as well as taking care of his memory, but their beliefs before encountering him place the characters at opposing ends of a theme. These opposing ends are light and dark, representing good and evil. In the opening pages of Heart of Darkness, Marlow beginsRead More Colonization and Wealth in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness and Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart1627 Words à |à 7 PagesConrads Heart of Darkness and Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart The novels Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe share a common theme; both deal with the colonization of Africa by settlers from Europe. When one examines the motives for this imperialist attitude in each book, one notices that in both books the motivation for colonization revolves around the gaining of wealth. However Conrad and Achebe define wealth differently. In Heart of Darkness the EuropeansRead MoreUse of Imagery in the First Two Acts of Macbeth1585 Words à |à 7 Pagescreate a more detailed image and emphasize the themes of violence, murder and darkness. The omnipresent imagery of darkness evokes the sentiments of fear, danger and death. ââ¬Å"Come thick night, and pall thee in the dunnest smoke in hellâ⬠associates the darkness of the night with supernatural powers, seen in the word ââ¬Å"hellâ⬠. This creates a sense of unease in the audience, we feel inferior to the outside forces present. Darkness is seen as a blanket for dark deeds, in this case murder. It is describedRead MoreMarginalization: Heart of Darkness and God of Small Things1463 Words à |à 6 Pageswas brought up in. Yet as time passed by, it seems these issues have become common discussion. This change of significance in how the audience responds and view texts that carry the notions of marginalization can be seen by Joseph Conradââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËHeart of Darknessââ¬â¢ and Arundhati Royââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËGod of Small Thingsââ¬â¢. The two texts which come from completely two different time periods is evident to the way a message is carried on through m any decades though having transformed and changed during times of social changeRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad942 Words à |à 4 Pages When read at face value, Joseph Conradââ¬â¢s novella, Heart of Darkness, portrays a tale of white, imperial, oppression of the African natives of the Congo. However, when viewed through the lenses of psychoanalysis and feminism, different interpretations emerge. Psychoanalysis provides a glimpse into the mind of Marlow. The story reads as if it takes place within a dream world. Feminist theory examines the perceptible qualities associated with women. Each theory presents a new way of interpreting andRead MoreShe Walks in Beauty1157 Words à |à 5 PagesSitwells at June 1814 (Gamber). Mrs. Wilmot, Lord Byronââ¬â¢s beautiful cousin, attended the party in a black mourning dress. The poet became captivated by his cousinââ¬â¢s alluring beauty; her fair face contrasting with her dark hair and dress. Inspired by the opposing shades t hat created such an attractive woman, he wrote a poem about her in 1814 (Gamber). In Lord Byronââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"She Walks in Beauty,â⬠motifs, personification and imagery express the theme that the combining of light and dark reflect a perfect inner andRead MoreThe Holly Spirit and His Holly World Essay1019 Words à |à 5 Pagesinfluences into the heart of the truly converted soul. David asked God to renew in him a right spirit (Psalm 51:10). The Holy Spirit will bear the fruit of spirit which is love, joy, peaceâ⬠¦ (Galatians 5:22). Men and women must realize they manifest the fruit of their spirit. The Holy Spirit, however, does not have the primary spot in most hearts. ââ¬Å"The prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience,â⬠is the ruler of most individual hearts. Spirits come fromRead MoreEssay about bram stokers dracula1424 Words à |à 6 PagesDracula, were brought into the novel to teach a lesson. Oddly enough, Dracula resembles other forces of evil in other religions as well. A strong comparison exists between Dracula, Satan, and Hindu demons. Of course these parallels are not fully drawn across the entire novel. Some differences do exist, but the parallels that are apparent bring attention to a cultures idea of a monster or threatening force to order. Dracula is the perfect symbol of otherness for the Victorian age. He comes from TransylvaniaRead MoreLiterary Elements in the Poem She Walks in Beauty by Lord Byron608 Words à |à 3 Pageslines, ââ¬Å"where thoughts serenely sweet express how pure, how dear their dwelling placeâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"the smiles that win, the tints that glow, but tell of days in goodness spent, a mind at peace with all below, a heart whose love is innocent!â⬠The mention of her sweet, pure thoughts and her innocent heart provided the possibility that Lord Byron loved this beautiful woman. There are many poetic devices that are used in this poem. First, the poet uses personification such as which heaven to gaudy dayRead MoreBless Me Ultima Essay1435 Words à |à 6 Pagesas a land of multiple paths and freedom. Such llano however, is not pure at heart as it is glooming with two impactful forces that subsequently break apart the true foundation of the freedom that it represents.â⬠Curses and threats filled the air, pistols were drawn, and the opposing sides made ready for battle. But the clash was stopped by the old woman who delivered the baby.â⬠( Anaya , 6). In Antonio s birth the two forces were crushing each other with different ideals but, Ultima shines down as a Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-18873313485584642882020-05-06T15:59:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:59:23.859-07:00Black Catholic Worship On The Sacred Liturgy - 1252 Words Black Catholic worship as we know it today became possible in the mid-1960s when the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy was issued by the Second Vatican Council (1962-65). The constitution opened worship to local languages and encouraged ââ¬Å"inculturationâ⬠of the liturgy. The first U.S. Mass in English featured a hymn, ââ¬Å"God Is Love,â⬠by Fr. Clarence Rufus Joseph Rivers, the first African American to be ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, who received a 10-minute ovation. Fr. Rivers pioneered what he termed ââ¬Å"Soulfull Worshipâ⬠and soon was joined by other composers and choir directors to bring a new musical wind into Catholic rites. These pathfinders showed how prayer in African American congregations could be bothâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦[pp. 127-8] Another scholar of African American Catholic liturgy, Fr. J-Glenn Murray, S.J., notes: ââ¬Å"What makes our worship uniquely Black is our indomitable and uncanny ability to ââ¬Ësing the Lordââ¬â¢s song in a strange landââ¬â¢! (Psalm 137:4)â⬠[ââ¬Å"The Liturgy of the Roman rite and African American Worship,â⬠Lead Me, Guide Me: The African American Catholic Hymnal, vol 1, 1987] The African American Catholic ââ¬Å"religious experience is shaped by African factors as well as by those on these shores,â⬠according to Plenty Good Room: The Spirit and Truth of African American Catholic Worship (U.S. Catholic Bishops, 1991), whose principal author was Fr. Murray. This unique blending mirrors the mà ©lange present in African Diaspora culture in general and in a whole range of music ââ¬â jazz, blues, gospel, mambo, and reggae, to name a few. Robert Farris Thompson in his Flash of the Spirit: African Afro-American Art Philosophy writes about a Black Atlantic performance style that has grown out of the collision of West African and Western Eurocentric musical patterns, aShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Development of Christian Worship2507 Words à |à 11 PagesThe Development of Christian Worship According to Crichton (1992 found in Jones et al.:1997) worship is a religious phenomenon, a reaching out through the fear that always accompanies the sacred to the mysterium conceived as tremendous but also fascinates, because behind it and in it there is an intuition of the Transcendent. (Crichton:1992 in Jones et al:1997:2) There are several approaches to which the subject of worship can be studied. This can be thatRead MoreThe And The Great Depression1233 Words à |à 5 Pagespart of the Protestant religion. Since some Methodist wanted to return to Wesleyââ¬â¢s teachings and sanctification, the holiness movement arose. However, as time passed the worship patterns in the holiness churches (i.e., speaking in tongues, miracles of healing etc.) ceased. Consequently, in 1906 the holiness style of worship was revived in a movement that was started by Pastor William J. Seymour. According to Justo L. Gonzalez, ââ¬Å"William Seymour was a former slave who was influenced by a PentecostalRead MoreGreat and Little Tradition1887 Words à |à 8 Pagesââ¬Ëlittleââ¬â¢ traditions were actually introduced and elaborated in the 1950s by the University of Chicago anthropologist â⬠Robert Redfield. In Redfieldââ¬â¢s vision: The studies of the anthropologist are contextual; they relate some element of the great traditionââ¬âsacred book, story-element, teach er, ceremony, or supernatural beingââ¬âto the life of the ordinary people, in the context of daily life as the anthropologist sees it happenââ¬â¢ (1956). An important early contribution to the study of great and little traditionsRead MoreThe Moral Universe And Moral Tradition4106 Words à |à 17 Pagesreligion profoundly colorful and vivid so that the Biblical stories and memories come to life through the village and its people. There is a resonating deep understanding by the community that their morality is steeped in their traditions and ancestral worship. The people understand that everything comes from and flows from God and that the ancestors (also referred to as the living-dead) have a vital part in- not just their individual development but to move further as a community. In African TraditionalRead MoreEssay on Pilgrimage /Christian, Muslim4247 Words à |à 17 Pagesassociated with the pilgrimage in Godââ¬â¢s call for his people to follow him to the Holy Land. The Muslim journey will be dealt with following the Christian journey, however, in both Islam and Christianity there is a ââ¬Ëpullââ¬â¢ that came to be assoc iated with the sacred places. St. Jeromeââ¬â¢s account of the travels of Paula, a noblewoman from Rome, captures the powerful pull pilgrims describe. With a zeal and courage unbelievable in a woman she forgot her sex and her physical weakness, and longed to make thereRead MoreEssay on The Christian Calendar4002 Words à |à 17 PagesSaturday April 15 Sunday Easter May 24 Thursday Ascension June 3 Sunday Pentecost June 10 Sunday Thiruthuva Sunday (Trinity) June 14 Thursday Corpus Christi June 22 Friday Sacred Heart of Jesus June 23 Saturday Immaculate Heart of Mary July 1 Sunday Canada Dominion Day July 2 Monday Deva Madha Katchi Aruliya Dhinam August 15 Wednesday Deva Madha Moksha Thirunal (Assumption) Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-18631237259487170602020-05-06T06:20:00.001-07:002020-05-06T06:20:21.353-07:00Spychaser Limited Marketing Strategy â⬠Free Samples to Students Question: Discuss about the Spychaser Limited Marketing Strategy. Answer: Introduction In Ghana, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a significant role in growing the economy. Indeed, according to the government, they contribute approximately seventy percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Government of Ghana, n.d.). Additionally, they create job opportunities which lead to community development. In this essay, a local smartphone application development company named Spychaser Limited wants to market its new smartphone application that can be used by SMEs in their day-to-day operations. The company aims to use SOSTAC model to analyze the viability of its marketing plan, use the RACE model to discuss its online communication strategy, and use AIDAR to evaluate the current consumer purchasing behavior. The SOSTAC model is a marketing plan that was developed by PR Smith in the 1990s. The plan involves six phases that are used to create the acronym SOSTAC. The phases are situation, objectives, strategy, tactics, action, and control (Rupik and ?yminkowski, 2014). There are various ways to use this model. To start with, the model can be used to review how the organization creates marketing strategies (Smith and Chaffey, 2012). For example, what they spend time on or are good at such as developing objectives using the SMART acronym. The second application is getting the right balance across each stage in the planning process. SOSTAC ensures that time is allocated to each phase in an effective manner. To support its use, a research carried out in Maryland revealed that having an internet marketing strategy can increase the performance and survival of small enterprises (Demishkevich, 2015). The first phase of the SOSTAC model is situation analysis. The company is supposed to determine where it is at in relation to its customers and market (Reed FIDM, 2014). It includes a SWOT and competitor analysis. For instance, the company should outline its target customers and competitive advantage. In this case, Spychaser Limited is targeting small and medium enterprises in Ghana. In Ghana, ninety-two percent of the registered companies are small and medium enterprises (Government of Ghana, n.d.). This is an advantage for Spychaser since this is a large readily available market. The company is facing competition from application development companies around the world that offer business applications for SMEs such as WillowTree which is in Virginia. The second phase is outlining the objectives. The objectives are supposed to be developed using the 5 key points (Smith, 2015). The first point is the selling point which determines which how many customers the company is aiming to acquire and retain. The second point is the serving point where the company sets the customer satisfaction target. The third point is the sizzling point which is the added value that the smartphone application has. The fourth point is the speaking point which determines how the company will engage the customers. The last point is saving point where the company measures its gains with regard to efficiency. The objectives should also be SMART that is specific to the organization, measurable with regard to performance, actionable, relevant to the issue and within a given time period (Swan, 2017). For Spychaser, one of the objectives can be to increase product visibility and measure performance through Google Analytics between January 2018 and April 2018. The third phase is strategy which sets a plan to achieve the objectives outlined in the second phase. The focus is on the market segments and target customers. PR Smith developed the STOP and SIT acronyms (Smith, 2015). The STOP represents the existing segments of the market, the target market for the company, the alignment with the objectives and the positioning of the products. The positioning includes the online value proposition which acts as the unique selling point the business offers online. On the other hand, the SIT represents sequence, integration with the customer relationship management systems and the tools that are going to be used. In Ghana, medium-sized enterprises are more likely to use internet advertising than small enterprises (Alliances for Action, 2016). Therefore, Spychaser can use the internet to reach out to medium-sized enterprises. In Spychaser, the objective is to increase product visibility online so this can be done by advertising on online channels that offer software products and software development programs. Additionally, the company can research and see the tools that the competitors are using to boost sales (Swan, 2017). The fourth phase is tactics which define the steps to take to implement the strategy. It includes the marketing mix which has the seven Ps of marketing (Smith, 2015). The first is the product where Spychaser should ensure the application is has been tested on some SMEs and meets the requirements. The second is the price and Spychaser should ensure the price is consistent with the prices of the competitors in the global and local market. The third is place where Spychaser should develop an online retail shop where it can easily sell and engage the customers. The fourth is promotion and Spychaser should utilize the available marketing tools and strategies such as email marketing and using social media platforms. The fifth is people and Spychaser should offer satisfactory customer service in after sale services such as maintenance. It should also use Live Chat to interact with customers on the website. The sixth is process and Spychaser should direct consumers to their website through referrals or recommendations. The consumer can then engage with the staff to determine their requirements and whether the application will meet them. Lastly, through partnership, Spychaser can develop relationships with companies that are not its competitors but can be used to market its products such as companies that finance SMEs. In addition, the company can use marketing tools such as the Search Engine Optimization(SEO), Pay-Per-Click, and affiliate marketing. The fifth phase is action where responsibilities are assigned to different individuals. The company decides whether to use internal or external agencies (Smith, 2015). It also decides the systems and processes that are going to be used. Moreover, the tactics that were selected in the fourth stage are implemented using actions outlined in this phase. For example, if Spychaser chooses to use SEO it will be required to define keywords that will be used for targeting such as SMEs and smartphone applications. The company needs to optimize web pages to get the best ranking. To enrich content, it can build relationships with top bloggers and websites. If the company chooses Pay-Per-Click, it needs to have keywords, a budget, a way to check whether its keywords are reaching the targeted consumers. The last phase is called control and it focuses on monitoring and measuring performance based on the objectives that were set. This includes Key Performance Indicators, website visitor profiling, surveys on customer satisfaction and reporting frequency (Swan, 2017). Spychaser can integrate tools to measure performance weekly, monthly, or per year. However, companies are encouraged to measure performance frequently to ensure that the tactics that are being used are working. In addition, the model includes the use of the 3Ms (Smith, 2015). The first M represents men where the company focuses on the human resources to be used. The second M is the money where Spychaser must plan a budget for the launch of the application. The last M is the minutes and this means that Spychaser must set time frames for each phase to ensure that the project is completed within the given time period. The use of RACE marketing model The RACE model represents a framework that is used in digital marketing. RACE represents reaching, acting, converting and engaging (Chaffey, 2016). In some cases, planning is included in the framework. This framework describes the lifecycle of a customer which starts by informing the customer of the product. It ensures the customers interact with the staff and repurchase products hence retaining them. For the model to be effective, it has to include traditional and digital channels of marketing especially in Ghana for small business owners. Spychaser intends to use the RACE model to develop an online communication strategy. The first step is reach which the company will use to create awareness about the smartphone application (Chaffey, 2016). This can be done through the use of other websites and offline marketing channels such as word of mouth, television and radio adverts. Further, the company can use SEOs and the companys blog posts to write about the application. As a result, there will be traffic generated by the people who visit the main Spychasers website, microsites and the companys social media pages. The marketing team can also use influencers such as top bloggers to notify SMEs about the product. To ensure the tools are working, performance can be measured by checking the unique visitors of your sites, and the number of followers. The second phase is act where the company focuses on interacting with the customer and encouraging their participation (Chaffey, 2016). Interacting with the customer means encouraging the customer to know about the application. For example, Spychaser can make customers to read about the application on their blog post or ask questions about it on Live chat. Participation occurs when the customer reviews the application or shares information about it on social media. All of the above can be achieved through content management. The content should be relevant, influential, and clear to make consumers to take those steps. To measure the performance, Spychaser should monitor the number of likes, comments, shares and the time each visitor spends on the various sites. The third step is to convert the visits to sales. In this step, the company should focus on marketing tools that lead to sales (Chaffey, 2016). They can use e-commerce or offline selling techniques. In some other cases, the goals of marketing may be more than sales such as fans and leads. In all cases, this step ensures that they are converted into the marketing goals. Performance is measured by the number of sales and the revenue earned. The last step is engagement which involves building relationships with new and existing customers to create customer loyalty. Customer loyalty assures Spychaser that they can get repeat sales. This can be achieved through emails or direct interaction with the SMEs. This is measured through repeat purchases and how often customers share Spychasers content on social media. In general, the company should use key performance indicators in all the steps of the model to achieve the desired results. Positioning defines the ability of a product to stand out and occupy the larger portion of the consumers mind compared to its competitors. Positioning is important since it can be used as a competitive advantage by Spychaser. Positioning can be in two forms such as in excess when the company provides false information about features of a product. It can also be done in way poor manner where important features of a product are not mentioned. Factors that can ensure successful positioning are the price, product, place and promotion that are present in the market mix (Marketing, n.d.). The other factors are customers, competition, channels, and the definition of the company (Abinanti, 2015). In product, Spychaser should ensure the application is of the highest quality and it meets the customers requirements (Marketing, n.d.). It must also provide after sale services such as maintenance and installation if it is required. This will differentiate it from the other application in the market since it sends a consistent image. In addition, the prices must be similar to the prices that have been set by the competitors. However, it must be set to depict the uniqueness of the application. For example, if it has additional features and better compatibility it may be expensive compared to the other application. The price must be within the range that is affordable to the target SMEs. For instance, the application may be more expensive for large corporations since it may require more integration and host more users compared to small enterprises. The company may also offer discounted rates to attract more users since it is the first product launch. When considering the place, the company should look at distribution. This is how it will ensure the application reaches the target customers (Marketing, n.d.). It may be available through a download link after payment has been made. It may also be available on the websites freely for customers to install and test its functionality for a certain time period. Promotion refers to the advertising techniques that the company uses. For this case, the company will use traditional and digital methods. Overall, in the marketing mix creating consistency creates a brand image. On the other hand, when referring to channels, the company should consider the channels of distribution (Abinanti, 2015). Positioning allows the company to use the channels to learn more about the customers needs and the purchase process. Consequently, the information can be used to look for a channel that minimizes cost or to use a channel to its full potential. Customers are an important part of positioning since a clear understanding of their needs assists in differentiating a product. Spychaser should understand the needs of the SMEs in order to attract and retain them. Finally, it is important for the company to understand its competitors. Studying the competitors allows the company to understand the niche in a particular market hence design a product that fills it. For Spychaser, they should look out how other global competitors are launching their products and what channels they use to reach their customers. Competitors information can be found on the companys website and mark eting channels such as blogs. The use of AIDAR model The AIDAR model is used to represent the purchasing cycle involved after product development. The first stage in the model is awareness where the customer finds out that the product exists (Tedesco, 2011). The aim is to target as many customers and influencers as possible using techniques that have minimal cost. The next stage is interest where the company must establish itself is a trusted brand that meets the needs of the customers. The company must make sure that when potential customers search social media they find reassuring information about quality. This is because potential customers tend to trust the reviews on social media than the companys website. The next stage is desire where the customer learns about the benefits of the product. This means connecting with them on a personal level which is better achieved on social media than the companys website (Tedesco, 2011). Action is the next stage where purchasing occurs. This is done through testimonials and case studies to move the customers to purchase the product. Spychaser should use social media to engage the customers and gain their reviews and complaints and reinforce their trust. The last stage involves the retaining the customers and earning their loyalty. This cycle is going to impact the sales of Spychasers application. Therefore, Spychaser needs to make implement the same strategy in their marketing plan and make use of social media to interact with the SMEs. Conclusion Generally, all the models provide a way for Spychaser to use marketing strategies to launch its product. Upon launching, it needs to continue using the marketing strategies in the Race model to continue attracting customers and retaining them. The AIDAR model provides a way for the company to use social media to attract customers, make sales and retain them. The marketing team should remember to outline the action plans as outlined in the SOSTAC model. Overall, using the three models allow Spychaser to traditional and digital methods of marketing. References Abinanti, L. (2015).The Key to Successful Positioning: '3 Cs' Research. [online] MarketingProfs. [Accessed 29 Sep. 2017]. Alliances for Action (2016).SME COMPETITIVENESS IN GHANA. [eBook] [Accessed 29 Sep. 2017]. Chaffey, D. (2016).Introducing RACE: a practical framework to improve your digital marketing - Smart Insights Digital Marketing Advice. [online] Smart Insights. [Accessed 29 Sep. 2017]. Demishkevich, M., 2015.Small Business Use of Internet Marketing: Findings from Case Studies (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). Government of Ghana (n.d.).Empowering SMEs in Ghana for Global Competitiveness. [online] Eservices.gov.gh. [Accessed 29 Sep. 2017]. Marketing (n.d.).Successful Companies Master Positioning and Distribution. [online] Bizfilings. [Accessed 29 Sep. 2017]. Reed FIDM, D. (2014). SOSTAC: The guide to the perfect digital marketing plan.Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 16(2), pp.146-147. Rupik, K. and ?yminkowski, T. (2014). Analytical and Behavioral Elements of Marketing Planning Model Empirical Evidence from Polish Firms.International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, 4(5), pp.668-676. Smith, P. (2015).The SOSTAC guide to your perfect digital marketing plan. [Place of publication not identified]: P.R. Smith. Smith, P. and Chaffey, D. (2012).EMarketing eXcellence. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Swan, S. (2017).A SOSTAC Plan example - Smart Insights Digital Marketing Advice. [online] Smart Insights. [Accessed 29 Sep. 2017]. Tedesco, T. (2011).Do You AIDAR? Master the Awareness, Interest, Desire, Action and Reorder Stages of Buying -T.J. Tedesco. [online] Printing Impressions. [Accessed 29 Sep. 2017]. Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-75858606731327966412020-05-05T18:25:00.001-07:002020-05-05T18:25:04.086-07:00Enterprise Bargaining In The Australian System Of Employment Relations Question: Discuss about the Enterprise Bargaining In The Australian System Of Employment Relations. Answer: Introduction Enterprise bargaining refers to the negotiation of working condition and wage structure at the individual level of organizations with specific focus in Australia. This essay will deal with the future of enterprise bargaining in the Australian system of employment relations. This process involves negotiation between the employees, employer, stakeholders and their bargaining representatives with the aim of making an enterprise agreement. The employers and employees are legally bound with the implementation of the enterprise bargaining agreement. The trade union is often involved in this process of enterprise bargaining to play the role of employer or employees (Financial Review 2018). The collective agreements of enterprise bargaining is usually applied to the workers of one employer. The system of agreement is not similar to awards, which offer same standards for all workers in the whole industry under a specific category of reward. As per the history of enterprise bargaining, it can be said that the collective agreements benefit the employers by incorporating flexibility in terms of performance. However, collective agreements are beneficial for the workers because they increase the pay and allow additional leave (Amma.org.au 2018). This particular essay on enterprise bargaining will focus on the history of enterprise bargaining in Australia and seek out the reasons behind its introduction. It will also highlight the importance of employment relations in Australia and the current threat faced by it to gather information about the future of this agreement. Discussion Enterprise agreement is a deal made at the enterprise level among the employers, employees and trade union members regarding the norms of employment (Actu.org.au, 2018). This process can involve more than one employer making an agreement with a group of employees. There is minor difference between awards and enterprise bargaining. Awards consider fewer amounts of pay and other benefits within the structure of industry. However, enterprise bargaining include particular arrangement for a specific enterprise. In general, the content of award can be considered as a least standard of enterprise bargaining agreement. The latter one is not permitted to provide anything less than its basic standard as per the national Employment Standards (Financial Review, 2018). There are two dominant stages of enterprise bargaining- the negotiation stage and the stage of contract administration. At the negotiation stage, few proposals are introduced to seek for the possibilities of the acceptance. It provides an opportunity for mutual agreement among the employers and employees after proper reflection and thoughtfulness. It further involves the three steps of preparation, procedure and follow- up action. At the stage of contract administration, the contract is signed by strict adherence from both the parties. The process of contract administration need not be ended with the award of a contract. However, it seeks legit knowledge and advice. The elements of contract administration include scheduled delivery, supervision of staffing, workplace safety rules, security clearance, site conditions and others. According to International Labor Organization, enterprise or collective bargaining is a negotiation about working conditions and means of employment between an employer and a group of employees with a perspective of defining industrial relations with one another (Bray and Rasmussen 2018). Economic and political provisions are the two issues that play major role in collective or enterprise bargaining. Hicks Bargaining Model can be referred to in association with enterprise bargaining. This particular model stresses on the length and cost of work strike. He suggested that trade union and the negotiators of management need to create stability between the costs and benefits of a work strike while negotiating. The prime focus of this theory was on the functional association of wage acceptance by one party and the extent of strike that will be followed to settle on that wage. This bargaining model of Hicks was contradictory to the Bargaining range theory because the former one focuses on a fixed wage settlement unlike the latter one. Bargaining range theory of A. C. Pigou described the process of wage settlement between the labors and the employers with a final settlement. As per this theory, the fixed settlement point of wage will depend on the negotiation or bargaining skills and the potential of the management negotiators. Enterprise bargaining was first introduced in Australia as per the Prices and Income accord in 1991. It was later on revised in the year 1993 and became the major part of industrial relations system in Australia. The trade union act was passed during the 19th century, which permitted the workers to negotiate with the employers for their wages and working conditions by forming a group. The era of 1860s and 70s when trade unions began initiating in the Australian working environment which faced success in terms of negotiating specifically, during labor scarcity, or gold rush (Amma.org.au 2018). The success of the enterprise bargaining act was first experienced by the stonemasons in Melbourne who won their demand for an eight hour shift. The severe depression of the 1890s let the employers take back the benefits of the trade union members which they have earned in the last 30 years. From the time of the Melbourne maritime dispute in 1890 let the employers of Australia put on a series of attacks on the trade union members. Membership was demolished and the union hardly got any favorable factors to negotiate with the employers (Financial Review, 2018). At the same time, several colonial ministers, especially Charles Kingston who was a South Australian premiere started looking for the mandatory negotiation and reunion. The idea behind this was that if the employers were unwilling to negotiate with the trade union members then as per the law, they would be able to avail an independent tribunal. If the supervisors and the sub- ordinates still failed to complete the negotiation process on a mutual outcome then the tribunal had the right to impose a mutual settlement. The colonial legislation was first used as a model for the first federal act, the Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1904 which designed the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration. In this way, the Parliament got the power to make regulations only for prevention and settlement of the industrial disputes that was spread to more than one state. The Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1904 was followed by another case that resulted in the generation of Australias first minimum wage (Amma.org.au 2018). It was known as the Harvester case where Justice HB Higgins set the wages required for an unskilled laborer to support himself along with his family in economical comfort. In the year 1907, the wage was specified at 7 shillings per day or 42 shillings per week. It was regarded as a unique concept in terms of enterprise bargaining as it changed the notion of basic wage. The concept of enterprise bargaining from 1993 provided underpinning as a safety requirement. In order to be approved by the Industrial Tribunal, the EBA required reflecting that it did not prove to be a failure for the employees with respect to the award offering. Initially the award system was represented as the referral point for the certified agreements. The approval of the agreement came to be known as the no disadvantage test (Financial Review, 2018). The norm of enterprise bargaining was introduced to settle workplace disputes between employers, employees and the trade union members. The Australian Industrial Relations Commission was allowed to get involved only with the disputes which could not be resolved in other way. It was considered as the fundamental mechanism which determines the working condition and wages of the workers. There are different types of jobs in Australia which falls under the category of Industry Award. This specific award describes the minimum requirements of the employees in a specific industry. Low wage, yearly leave, strategies to resolve workplace disputes and sick leave fell under this industrial award category. An enterprise bargaining agreement is same as the industrial award only with a bit of difference (Fair Work Commission, 2018). For instance, weekend penalty rates or meal allowances fell under the category of enterprise bargaining. The employees were benefitted from this agreement in comparison to award and therefore, it was introduced. It needed to pass the better- off- overall test in order to get approved by the international tribunal. Fair Work Commissioner conducts this test to calculate if this particular agreement is better than the prevailing award system in the industry (Bca.com.au, 2018). For instance, EBA might not provide meal or other allowance but it paid the workers higher wage overall. Under a specific award category a worker might get a minimum wage of $17.35 in an hour along with a 25% penalty rate for working on Saturday. Therefore his total wage for an hour on Saturday will be $21.69. On the other hand, an enterprise bargaining agreement might not have a fixed rate of penalty for the workers on Saturday but their overall wage begins from $22.50 an hour. Therefore the introduction of this agreement provided better wage to the workers in comparison to the award system. It can be obvious that the worker is getting better paid even without the imposing of penalty rate. This is the basic cause of preference of EBA to industry award. The workers will also be interested in seeking this privilege than the prevailing system. The enterprise bargaining holds a significant impact on the employment relations of Australia. It became an integral part since the time of industrial revolution (Townsend, Wilkinson and Burgess 2013). Under this agreement, if an employer tries to take control of the bargaining process then it provides additional benefits to the employees by simultaneously providing, flexibility and innovation at the workplace. It is important in the industrial relations of Australia because an EBA ensure compliance to enhance productivity and reduce the cost of administrative operation. It is important to be included in any kind of business to meet the requirements of not only the employees but also the employers. It paves the way for a long- term benefit of the enterprise and offers reward to everyone associated with it. There are other important factors associates with enterprise bargaining in Australian industrial relations. It decreases costs, makes the compliance better and helps the employees to attain the workplace rights that they deserve. It is effective in maintaining harmony at the workplace. Opportunity is provided for more flexible working hours and schedule for achieving proper operational requirements of the organization. Talent retention is improved with the effective use of enterprise bargaining agreement due to the ability of direct sourcing in accordance to the target employees (Shaw, McPhail and Ressia 2018). The industrial relations get improved due to wider job categories and job role that can fit the proper business performance. EBA permits the employers and employees to achieve beneficial gains such as enhanced productivity and waste reduction. The importance is also found out in the form of efficient service delivery to provide superior customer service. It is also helpful in enhancing the procedures for dealing with the employee grievance or discussing about workplace issues. With the increasing diversity in the working environment of Australia there is a tendency that the employees will move towards different varieties of job and the EBA will help them in operating under different award categories. It offers an opportunity to the organization to set up own structure instead of restricting employees to a fixed work structure or a fixed award coverage. It helps in making the compliance procedure easy (Pekarek et al. 2017). It was observed that most of the workplace disputes emerged from low wage and due to indefinite award structure. It often becomes tough for the employees and the employers to co-ordinate between the general award category and the few roles carried out in the business environment. Therefore, enterprise bargaining agreement played an important role in this respect of resolving workplace hurdle. The employee experience has focused on the value added to the workplace culture due to the introduction of the agreement and the negotiation proces s. At present, the situation of enterprise bargaining is not anything noteworthy. There are only few sectors which have still clung to the enterprise bargaining agreement, such as construction and the public sector. It is seen that there is a huge decline in the new agreements and the workforce covered under those are also falling. Again, there are some companies whose enterprise agreement was seized by the Fair Work Commission which posed threat to the union officials and ACTU (Australian Council of Trade Unions). The scenario of enterprise is changing in the recent days due to the increasing population of the employees who were covered under the award category. Within a gap of 6 years there was an increase of employees covered under the award category from 15% to 24% (Bca.com.au, 2018). It was a remarkable amendment when the initial assumption was focused on the irrelevance of award system. The Fair Work Act as intended at the attainment of productivity and fairness in work by stressing on the industrial bargaining. However, the decreasing popularity of the enterprise bargaining agreement was explained with the instance of Coles supermarket in Australia. It was noted that the better off overall test was a precondition for the inappropriate certification of the agreement in the case of Coles. A lot of Coles employees were paid a lower wage by putting the virtue of loss of award penalty rates transparent (Townsend, Wilkinson and Burgess 2013). The system of enterprise bargaining was put at stake when the companies did an agreement to make significant decrease in the wage of the employees. The workers realized that there was no option for superannuation along with other conditions in the industry. The trade union agreed to limit such an agreement only to certain companies instead of opening it to all the competitors. The workers understood that they were not being treated properly when the union should have taken care of their best possible interests. The system of collective bargaining became an integral part of industrial relations in Australia. However, due to current financial crisis, it is being targeted by domestic and foreign authorities for obstructing flexibility in the labor market. The crisis has come brought in a complex situation in the emergence of collective bargaining in the organization (Pekarek et al. 2017). The issue was divided into the two categories between employers and the employees on one hand, and the trade union and the employers on the other. The flexibility of collective bargaining as an integral part of industrial relations depended on the feature of more of employer organization and less of union organization to ensure higher workforce coverage. The future of enterprise bargaining in Australia can be considered bleak because of the varied reactions of the employers to the recent change in trends. The modification in the employment relations is central to the economic and political debate in Australia from the last 20 years. There are certain employers who have tried to develop non- union agreements against a strong opponent of the current workforce whereas others have tried the cooperative ways to bring the change. These variations among the functions of the employers will create a disruption in the future of Australian working environment which will give rise to organizational disputes (Actu.org.au, 2018). Change and innovation in the collective bargaining of workplace can be considered as dependent on two different dimensions- individualism to collectivism and high trust or commitment to low commitment or trust. In the future of working environment in Australia, the changes can be considered to integrate collective arrangements. Most of the growth and development in the employment relations has been considered as casual and the employees do not get the accessibility to protection of full- time standard payment. In the long run, the employee security rights will not be applicable to the casual employees and thus they will not get the benefits (Wright 2017). The enterprise bargaining in Australia could not bridge the gap of industrial democracy created due to the decline of union movement. In Australia, the growth in casual jobs outruns the development of fixed jobs by a minor range. It might result in restricting the workers to join a trade union or indulge in the process of enterprise bargaining. However, it can be contradicted that union movement is not as bad as it might sound. As long as there is no work scarcity, the future of workers and unions rights is bright. The future of this system in Australia might vary to a great extent from the current scenario of industrial relations (Financial Review, 2018). For the future of Australia, a work council model can be proposed where the employers and the employees negotiate and correlate labor and business relations within the organization. There is a doubt about the effectiveness of this specific model for the future of industrial relations in Australia. This is because in the past 20 years it was reflected that employers and the government have strongly tipped the balance of work structure towards the employers (Shaw, McPhail and Ressia 2018). Conclusion It can be concluded from this essay that enterprise bargaining plays an important role in the industrial relations of Australia. The history of this agreement was reviewed to find put a comparison between the existing awards system and the recent agreement. The agreement varied among the trade union members, employers and the employees. The entire discussion about the union strategies in Australia and the union movement has focused on the organization of trade union structure in the organization. The history and the current trends o enterprise bargaining have also considered the threats faced by it due to financial crisis and increase in workforce population. The future of this agreement is still under question due to the issues faced by it and the low rate of awareness. It was overviewed that the trend is on the verge of losing its popularity. Therefore it is dubious if the future employees or employers can connect to each other with a single thread. References Actu.org.au. (2018).Australian Council of Trade Unions ACTU. [online] Available at: https://www.actu.org.au/ [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Actu.org.au. (2018).Sally McManus Speech to AIRAANZ February 2018. [online] Available at: https://www.actu.org.au/actu-media/speeches-and-opinion/sally-mcmanus-speech-to-airaanz-february-2018 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Amma.org.au. (2018).Enterprise bargaining looks irrelevant. [online] Available at: https://www.amma.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/enterprise-bargaining-looks-irrelevant-AFR.pdf [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Bca.com.au. (2018).The Business Council of Australia researches and promotes economic growth policies for the benefit of the nation and all Australians.. [online] Available at: https://www.bca.com.au/ [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Bca.com.au. (2018).The current state of enterprise bargaining typifies the cracks appearing in our workplace relations system a system that is becoming increasingly adversarial and regulated, and ultimately disempowering workers and employers, writes Jennifer Westacott.. [online] Available at: https://www.bca.com.au/media/enterprise-bargaining-on-the-brink-of-failure [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018]. Bray, M. and Rasmussen, E., 2018. Developments in comparative employment relations in Australia and New Zealand: reflections on Accord and Discord.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work, pp.1-17. Fair Work Commission. (2018).Fair Work Commission | Australia's national workplace relations tribunal. [online] Available at: https://www.fwc.gov.au/ [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Financial Review. (2018).Business has reason for losing faith in the bargaining system, Bill. [online] Available at: https://www.afr.com/opinion/columnists/business-has-reason-for-losing-faith-in-the-bargaining-system-bill-20180131-h0r5q9 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Financial Review. (2018).EBAs are slowly becoming a productivity roadblock. [online] Available at: https://www.afr.com/opinion/columnists/ebas-are-slowly-becoming-a-productivity-roadblock-20170213-gubfnn [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Financial Review. (2018).Enterprise bargaining on brink of failure. [online] Available at: https://www.afr.com/opinion/columnists/enterprise-bargaining-on-brink-of-failure-20170201-gu37e4 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Financial Review. (2018).Why enterprise bargaining is on life support. [online] Available at: https://www.afr.com/opinion/columnists/bill-shorten-is-right-and-wrong-on-the-death-of-enterprise-bargaining-20180130-h0qps7 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Pekarek, A., Landau, I., Gahan, P., Forsyth, A. and Howe, J., 2017. Old game, new rules? The dynamics of enterprise bargaining under the Fair Work Act.Journal of Industrial Relations,59(1), pp.44-64. Shaw, A., McPhail, R. and Ressia, S., 2018.Employment Relations. Cengage AU. Townsend, K., Wilkinson, A. and Burgess, J., 2013. Is enterprise bargaining still a better way of working?.Journal of Industrial Relations,55(1), pp.100-117. Wright, C.F., 2017. Australian industrial relations in 2016.Journal of Industrial Relations,59(3), pp.237-253. Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-77678309603082085712020-04-17T20:16:00.001-07:002020-04-17T20:16:04.867-07:00Sample Essay on OutsourcingSample Essay on OutsourcingSample essays on outsourcing are quite often times utilized as reference material in schools, colleges, and universities. An essay on outsourcing can be highly informative for the ordinary employee who doesn't have much experience with the subject matter. This is because an essay on outsourcing is generally made to aid someone that is trying to make a name for themselves and to get a job.You need to realize that an essay on outsourcing is not intended to hurt your chances of getting hired, nor is it intended to make you look like a fool. An essay on outsourcing is a tool to use in order to demonstrate your problem solving abilities and your ability to prove your knowledge on the subject matter. You can use this type of essay for everything from an entry-level job to a position that requires you to interact with management executives. The important thing to remember is that you should always be objective when writing about something.There are a lot of benefi ts to using a sample essay on outsourcing. One of the most valuable aspects is that if you ever feel that you are not the best candidate for a particular position, you can simply go back and check the sample essay. This will allow you to re-read it and look for areas that may be of concern to you.Your essay on outsourcing can also be used to showcase your knowledge of the subject matter. When an employer goes through an extensive hiring process and they find that their requirements are not met, they will look at your sample essay. This will help them determine whether or not they would like to hire you based on your qualifications.This can be of great benefit to you should always pay proper attention to detail in your writing. If you do not believe that you have put in the time necessary to properly prove your knowledge, you need to know that you will not receive any further consideration. Having this type of documentation will help you get through any hiring process.Your sample ess ay on outsourcing will give you the opportunity to really talk about the skills that you have that might be useful in the industry. When an employer encounters someone that is looking to put his or her skills to use, they will look to see if they are able to help the company. A good essay on outsourcing can show you exactly what you will be doing for the company and how you can help them gain success.The more comprehensive knowledge that you have about the industry, the more likely you are to be hired for any position. Employers want people that are equipped with an in depth knowledge of the subject matter. They also want people that are capable of using their skills in a productive manner.Your sample essay on outsourcing can be used as an alternative for more in depth interviews. When you have the opportunity to provide your company with such documentation, it will help you appear more professional. A good resume is a necessary tool that you can never go wrong with, but you should always remember that you should always keep your resume professional and that you should never speak to a recruiter until you are completely sure that they know who you are. Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-18013185119822199742020-04-11T23:17:00.001-07:002020-04-11T23:17:02.963-07:00The final product Essay ExampleThe final product Paper Abstract: In this experiment three Werner complexes, hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride, pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride and hexaamminenickel(II) chloride were synthesized so their structural formula could be examined through magnetic susceptibility, electronic conductance measurements and the analysis of free chloride in the two cobalt complexes through titrations of silver nitrate. Cobalt (III) coordination compounds usually only form in low spin, octahedral complexes where the all t2g are paired leaving all the eg unpaired; whereas nickel(II) complexes are usually formed in the high spin state1. Through these analytical methods, it was found that: hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride has three free chloride ions to form the complex [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, in the low-spin state. Pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride and hexaamminenickel(II) chloride both have two free chlorine ions to form the complexes [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 and [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 respectively. As expected, pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride has a low spin electron arrangement, and hexaamminenickel(II) chloride is in a high spin state. Introduction: Alfred Werner was the first to discover the structure for coordination compound in 1893, thus they were given the name Werner Complexes. For this research he was given the Nobel Prize in 1913. Werner complexes are complex ions that contain a transition metal in the center, which is surrounded by anionic or neutral ligands. 2 The metal in this case acts as a Lewis acid (electron pair accepting) and the anionic ligands act as a Lewis base (electron pair donating). Using pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride, Co(NH3)3Cl3, as an example, there are four possible structures depending on how the ligands are arranged. We will write a custom essay sample on The final product specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The final product specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The final product specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer [Co(NH3)3Cl3] + 3NH3 In this case, all the chlorine anions are bound directly to the cobalt metal, and three neutral amine molecules are present somewhere else in the crystal lattice [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ + Cl- + 2NH3 Here, two chlorines are directly bound to the cobalt metal with two neutral non boding amine molecules. There is also one free chlorine anion to balance the charge of the cobalt complex. [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ + 2Cl- + NH3 The third possible arrangement is where there is one chlorine attached to the central cobalt with a single amine molecule elsewhere in the lattice. Again, there are two free chloride ions to balance the charge [Co(NH3)5]3+ + 3Cl- Finally, the cobalt complex can be arranged with just the amine ligands directly bound to it in a square pyramidal geometry instead of a more stable octahedral geometry seen in the other three complexes. This leaves the three chlorine anions non-bonded, and counterbalancing the 3+ charge from the complex. To find the actual arrangement and geometry of the three complexes, conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility and free chloride ions through titrations can be measured and analyzed. Electronic conductance measurements helps determine the amount of chloride ions not attached to the metal. This is possible because when dissolving a salt in water, the molecule separates into cations and anions, each which can conduct electricity. The conductance measured can be compared to a literature reference of how many total ions correspond to the value. With this, logically dividing the charges between the cations and anions present will help determine the overall structure of the molecule. The second technique for determining the amount of ions present in a Werner complex is magnetic susceptibility. With finding the magnetic susceptibility using a magnetic susceptibility of a compound, one can calculate whether the compound is paramagnetic or diamagnetic. If the mass magnetic susceptibility, ? g, is negative, then the compound is diamagnetic; however, if ? g is positive, then the compound is paramagnetic. The apparatus used for this experiment is a Evans/Johnson Mathey Magnetic Susceptibility Balance. The last technique used was titrating a sample with silver nitrate. Since the three samples contain chloride ions, titrating it with silver nitrate would precipitate silver chloride, which is very insoluble. Based on the volume of silver nitrate used to reach the end point, one can calculate the amount of silver chloride precipitated. The amount of silver chloride precipitated is also the amount of free chloride ions in the mixture. Comparing the ratio of moles of silver nitrate used to the moles of analyte in the mixture will show the amount of non-bonding chlorine present. Procedure and observations: Synthesis of hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride: The synthesis was started by adding cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate(4. 690g) and ammonium chloride (2.946g) to water(5mL) which formed a purple solution from the original red/pink powder. This solution was heated up and turned dark blue once it was all dissolved. Activating charcoal was then added as a catalyst the solution was then black with a slight blue tint. Afterwards, concentrated ammonia (9. 8mL) was added to the mixture. This created a very dark red solution, but upon setting, the color eventually faded to yellow with a bit of red in it. With this, the solution was then cooled in a tab water bath and hydrogen peroxide (10. 0mL, 6%) was added and heated to 65 degrees Celsius for 17 minutes. To crystallize, the solution was then places in another tap water bath, proceeded by an ice water bath. The brown crystals were then filtered by vacuum filtration and transferred to another beaker containing concentrated hydrochloric acid (2. 1mL) and water (41. 0mL). After all the crystals were dissolved, they were filtered by gravity filtration and washed with water (1. 7mL). The red/gold filtrate was collected, and another portion of concentrated hydrochloric acid(5. 2mL) was added. The filtrate was then cooled on ice to crystallize once more. Upon cooling, the solution turned bright orange. The sides of the erlenmeyer flask had to be scratched vigorously to help induce the production of crystals. Finally, the crystals were filtered once more by vacuum filtration, and dried between two pieces of large filter paper. The final product were bright orange crystals(0. 123g) at a 2. 36% yield. Synthesis of pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride: To start the synthesis, solid ammonium chloride (7. 560g) was added to a beaker containing ammonia (44. 6mL, 14M). While stirring, finely powdered cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (7. 465g) was slowly added. Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-89273338158174922812020-03-10T13:32:00.001-07:002020-03-10T13:32:02.983-07:00Critique Of John Berger English Literature Essay Essay ExampleCritique Of John Berger English Literature Essay Essay Example Critique Of John Berger English Literature Essay Essay Critique Of John Berger English Literature Essay Essay John Berger is an art critic, a novelist and an writer. He is besides a painter. Berger is known for his award winning 1972 book called the G . Berger is besides known for his article an art unfavorable judgment on Ways of seeing . He was born in England in 1926. He attended schools in England and subsequently joined the ground forces. His critic background stemmed while learning pulling in London schools. After dropping from the ground forces he avoided knocking the Soviet Union but subsequently his positions of the same brotherhood became more critical. It is besides good to cognize that, in 1962, Berger drove himself out of Britain to a ego imposed expatriate. The ground he exiled himself from Britain was because he had considered life in this state distasteful. The article Images of adult females in European Art is portion of Berger s book Ways of Sing . In this book, Berger has made the reader see art in a different dimension. He argues that our position of the universe is really dissimilar with the manner it really is. He uses images and non words in first chapters to seek to do readers see themselves in a different dimension. An image of Women in European Art has different false beliefs that portray the manner he sees adult females in society. He argues in this article that adult females are sensuous objects that are at that place to elicit the male audience. He argues that there is a discrepancy in being bare and being bare. Bing naked is to be oneself but being bare is to be seen naked by other people. Berger asserts that adult females are inactive objects that are ever available. The article is, hence, criticized in several ways because of its portraiture of adult females in the European art. In this article, John Berger reconstructs the manner of seeing and attends to perspective and conventions for ocular duologue based on the peoples collective and personal belief concepts. He records the history of art and the manner in which people look at art which he specifies is affected by a concatenation of learnt premises about truth, mastermind and civilisation signifier. He deals with geometric position ; the scene of a disappearing point in pictures and the manner in which adult male was induced to believe, he was the centre of the singularity in the universe as the witness. His treatment of position and adult male s place, as a exclusive spectator with cosmopolitan seeing power, informs his treatment of the built-in gender divisions initiated in early plants of art. Not merely was the spectator s perspective god-like and all knowing, but it was overpoweringly male. More specifically he demonstrates this point in mention to European art. In the signifier of European art, the spectator-owners and painters were ever work forces and these work forces ever saw adult females as objects. This unequal relationship is so profoundly rooted in civilization that it still shapes the consciousness of many adult females. Womans in the society ever see themselves in the mode in which work forces see them. They besides treat themselves the manner work forces handle them. They explore their ain muliebrity. This is the main bequest that he points out in this article. It besides shapes the manner in which the creative persons view adult females. Berger was a painter and, hence, most of his sentiments stemmed from his pictures. He clearly distinguished himself as a painter. The pictures of bare adult females hanged on museum walls were considered as some signifier of immoral act. They were seen as images of sex. They were considered as images that were there to be used and violated. The male bare signifiers of male pictures in museums had a different sort of position harmonizing to Berger. He argued that in the past bare male pictures were seen as a manner in which the imitated Christians christ. They were seen as endeavoring to be like Jesus. In today pictures, male nakedness is seen as non a manner of immoral act but as a signifier of strength. They are considered to be exudating some signifier of virility. In these present yearss adult females, images that are nude are seen as a phonographic. These present sentiments stems from the past portraiture of adult females. The inquiry is, is at that place any difference between a bare adult male and a bare adult female. They are both bare. Why is the adult female portrayed in a negative signifier so? From in depth treatments of position to the apposition of the yesteryear with the present in the usage of promotion images, Berger s thoughts about the societal and aesthetic premises that inform the manner we see are cardinal to understanding our image saturated environment and media consumed lifestyle. From art history, and the rudimentss about the changing nature of position to spectator screening and impressions of familiarity revealed in European nudes and modern promotion images, advancing life style and trade name individualities, Ways of Seeing is complete in its dissection of the complexnesss of our ocular civilization and comprehensive in its geographic expedition of our world. Berger has played a function in modern female thought by researching word pictures of adult females in classical picture and in advertisement. He takes on the topic so squarely, taking into inquiry the full of the adult females s classical images. Berger s decision and that of his interviewees is that the bare adult females s pictures hanging in the best European museums is nil more than erotica. The adult females in those pictures are nil but objects that can be consumed or violated, and nil more. He so forcefully speaks against this portion of the western canon. However, Berger is non without mistakes. His entreaty of oil pictures portrays them as the highest of ocular signifiers. This may non be the instance. In history, picture taking is slightly fuzzed, but harmonizing to Berger, picture taking, as a work of art, was happening its manner into the major galleries and museums in the universe. Photography is now in the same category with other ocular signifiers of art as about equ al. Berger s trust on his ain statements and sentiments, excessively, brings jobs. In about half of his statements, he has nt had a individual female critic discoursing the topic. Berger proficiently weaves the ocular with treatments on the topic of the ocular in distinct and slang less linguistic communication. He clearly presents his positions doing cautious observations about the ocular without looking into art school discussion-style solipsism, ambiguity, tautology, or lie. Berger besides argues that judging adult females as beautiful is a manner of an creative person s position. In Paris, a adult female is judged by how beautiful she looks. Bing beautiful is the ides of a adult male looking at a adult female. This has been incorporated with judgement. A present is awarded to a adult female who is enormously beautiful. This judgement has given birth to what is usually considered like a beauty competition. Those adult females who are considered to be beautiful, gets the monetary value, and those who are non, do non acquire any wages. This is how work forces have set criterions for adult females to utilize in judging themselves. Does this mean that merely adult females who are considered beautiful by work forces ever win? Is it possible that there are other ways of judging adult females? Why is it that work forces are non judged by their beauty? Womans can besides be evaluated a assortment of other abilities and non how beautiful they are. There are adult females authors, painters who have excelled in this field and have won themselves monetary values ( Berger, 1972 ) . The awards to be won in beauty competitions are owned by the justice. These Judgess are, in most instances, work forces. This means that adult females are available to them. It is besides to state that these bare images have been placed to fulfill male impulse and their desire to possess. Berger argues that, most of the bare pictures in museums have been hung to fulfill the gender of a adult male looking at the image. Does it intend, so, that bare pictures are hung to fulfill the male gender merely? Berger besides argues that the adult female s gender should be minimized so that the male audience has control of passion being exuded. He farther says that adult females are at that place to fuel and feed the male s appetency. Who will feed the adult female s appetency if it is merely the male s that has to be fed? It is hypocrisy that work forces paint bare images of adult females because they enjoy looking at them and so jostle image to the adult female to look at her shame. This is reprobating the adult female whose image he had painted to divert himself. While work forces are looking at adult females, adult females besides look at themselves the manner work forces are looking at them therefore doing a dual audience for themselves. They, hence, look at themselves as really witting of how they are presented and how they look in the male eyes. He says that a adult female who looks at herself is considered as a narcist while a adult male who looks at whatever he likes is considered an art cognoscente. Berger argues that merely a individual can turn person into being bare. This is taken a measure farther when Berger points out that the fan proprietor of a picture becomes the witness proprietor of a representation of a adult female ; hence, the witness is depicted as the male and the bare image as the adult female who is intended to blandish the adult male. Male spectatorship is applied in two ways: the exchange between Gerty and Bloom and the reference in the mutoscope of the twentieth century. In Making a Spectacle of Herself, Gerty MacDowell through the Mutoscope, Katherine Mullin Joyce s implicative and arousal Gerty are compared to modest and sexually pure Flint of Cummins. She is portrayed as witting of her beauty and her power to arouse the adult male s attending, but, Flint is wholly unconscious of her beauty. This device is used most of the times to go through on a message to immature 1s. The puritan flint and modest serves as the function theoretical account for vernal Irish adult females. Mullin states that, her wages for her self-doubt is he r ultimate matrimony to her childhood favorite. On the other manus, the sexually unfastened and arousing Gerty is left at the terminal non married. Why is it, so, that work forces paint images of bare adult females and subsequently on reprobate them? In this illustration, a bare adult female was non married subsequently. It is true even to day of the month that those adult females who are portrayed as naked in the web sites or in telecastings are seldom married. This is because work forces believe that they have exposed their nakedness in a really iniquitous manner. Why so did they paint these images if they were non destructing the moral repute of adult females? Berger s treatments of nudity are taken farther when he asserts that, in western Christian art, nudity of male is a symbol of a battle to be more like Christ, while that of female symbolizes lecherousness and wickedness. The male nakedness is, hence, closer to perfection than that of female. The treatments by Miles, about Adam and Eve, are based on this statement, stressing that Eve s believed guilt in the autumn of adult male and her creative activity from the organic structure of Adam have been conventionally treated as the grounds of Eve s failing to Adam. If Eve is a representation of every adult female, her imperfectnesss speak to the common restriction of adult females and their shared wickedness. Based on Berger s Miles positions, the intervention of all adult females by Christianity as possible enchantresss and the acceptance of their expected exposure to evil are seen as unfairness paid to the word picture of adult females. There is, hence, a great ground for the demand of a new signifier of feminist art. Representation of adult females harmonizing to Berger has fallen victim to two systems a ) The usage of their organic structures to arouse the male regard and the ultimate objectification of adult females b ) The aversive and negative intervention in western Christianity. The two systems are major factors that have contributed to the docket attack used in art, literature, and on screens major types used in gender word picture, which was created by work forces for themselves. When these are examined, the concealed docket in representation is exposed and it sparks one of the most castigatory actions to sexual class political relations: adult females discontinue watching the work forces in suits and ship on their ain representation. In the Judgment of Paris, a narrative presumptively originated by work forces, starts by exposing the, amour propre of female: a difference of three goddesses over their single beauty triggers the meeting with Paris, the incentive and the effects. Then their characters are with vengefulness and conceit fleshed out, so there is no manner that a safe determination can be made by Paris, allow entirely one that is merely. The goddesses are blamed for all of it. Yet this narrative gives possibilities for the creative person ( who is non discerning with incrimination ) to size up the relationships between power and gender. Purportedly, as Berger suggests, Paris and other male viewing audiences have the authorization of judgement over the female beauty, but inside the universe of the narrative, the existent authorization is with the goddesses. Decidedly, in the after effects the statement at Troy it is there goddesses who were over and over once more responsible for the lickings and triumphs of work forces, by their undeviating Godhead intercession. The goddess s deity has been artistically represented in assorted ways. Cranach decided to do their figures bright, but besides weak and married woman like. They are so infused with energy by Reuben, but they are on show clearly, for us, every bit good as for Paris. The figures for Raphael are really powerful. They are nude a universe that is bare and filled para. But none of the representations truly represents the power of the power of goddesses over Paris to the degree that is achieved by Watteau ( Anton Watteau, The Judgment of Paris, 1720-image ) . The iconographic necessities are in this image merely as they are in Cranach and Raphael. Paris is shown sitting on the lower portion of the image before the cardinal signifier of Aphrodite. Athena is on the right, and she is already dressed. Hera is withdrawing at the top of the image and is followed by Peacock. Having said all this, image is rather contrary in its constituents from any that had gone earlier this because it is stand foring a valuable mastermind in this picture ; the power of Paris is wholly rendered. Paris about cowers, and the manner he hands apple over her caput is non a gesture of a justice who is confabulating an award but that of a suppliant doing a entry. Athena and Hera see this excessively with Hera professing already and Athena looking to be screening herself from the power of the winning goddess. The state of affairs is more intricate that this, for the power that Aphrodite has is openly sexual. All attending is on her as she disrobes ( except for Hermes turned off, of class ) . However, all that is able to be observed by the witnesss in the representation is her lower half. Cupid makes certain that Paris gets a clear position of the genitalias of Aphrodite s, and that, it seems that it is ad equate to procure her triumph. Berger considers nakedness as a procedure and non an act. The inquiry is what procedure? A European humanitarianism, which tried to see nakedness in footings of individualism, argued that nakedness should be arrived at by patching different parts of the organic structure. The ground for this statement is that painting images of bare adult females is a personal involvement. There are parts, that he likes most, and, hence, will desire those parts painted for him. Berger s representation of these facts about adult females ; can be generalized as false beliefs that try to specify nakedness of adult females. It is non just that Berger has these sentiments on adult females. The bare presentation of adult females airss several treatments on whether adult females are truly animal objects that are merely at that place for the amusement of work forces. The techniques, which Berger has used, are non a good representation of adult females. Contrary to Berger s believes, adult females are non inactive in the society and are non sexual symbols. The oil pictures of bare people of whether male or female constitute nakedness and should be viewed in the same manner as nakedness in adult females is viewed. Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-33370278880836248532020-02-23T03:58:00.001-08:002020-02-23T03:58:02.217-08:00Correctional Officers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsCorrectional Officers - Essay Example Penal establishments across the US both government and private impose less restrictive requirements for correctional officers. Age requirements are set at 18 to 21 years of age, must be a US citizen, have achieved at least a high school education and should have no record of criminal conviction. Post secondary education is important for those who want to get promoted in the future (US Labor Dept., 2007). However, the Federal Bureau of Prison's entry-level correctional officers should finish her bachelor's degree and a 3-year experience as a field counselor, or other applicable experience such as supervising and affording assistance to individuals. Officers in correctional facilities must be endowed with good health, as they are required to meet formal standards of physical fitness as well as eye and hearing assessments. Standardized tests are utilized in many jurisdictions in order to verify an individual's suitability to serve in correctional institutions. The Federal, State or county corrections department under the management and guidelines of the American Correctional Association and the American Jail Association provides trainings. Various State and local correctional agencies in the country have regional training centers as well. Training is afforded to all officers in all State and county correctional agencies, which include instructions on legal restrictions, improving inter personal relationships, firearms proficiency, and self-defense skill training. Training in these areas usually last to about several weeks or month depending on the institution, which gives the training. A training officer usually supervises these. Nevertheless, variations exist with regards entry requirements and training could vary from one agency to another (US Labor Dept., 2007). Subjects of study include 'institutional policies, regulations and operations as well as custody and security procedures." A 200-hour formal training is required for new Federal correctional officers who must also complete a specialized program under the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Furthermore, correctional officers also receive instructions on responding to riots, other threatening disturbances, hostage situations and dangerous confrontations. (US Labor Dept., 2007) Many of those with good educational background, long experience and effective training are given a chance to take the position of correctional sergeant who manages correctional officers, scheduling and supervising activities of the other correctional officers. Advancement and promotion is easy in a career like this as many officers can become supervisors and administrators and even become a warden. Other officers switch to other jobs related to their experiences or their interests (BOP 2007). Income and earnings of correctional officers vary. The median earning is set at about $28,000 in 1998 but increased to $33,600 in 2004. The upper half of the correctional officer earned between $26,560 and $44,200 while the lowest 10 percent of those who serve in these facilities incurred earnings of about $22,630. About 10 percent of correctional officers earned $54,820. Federal correctional officers receive a starting salary of about $26,747 a year in 2005. This is in fact slightly higher than the earnings receive by State and county Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-42050819713988968002020-02-06T20:44:00.001-08:002020-02-06T20:44:02.455-08:00Anthropologists Understanding of Human Health EssayAnthropologists Understanding of Human Health - Essay Example However, the concern of medical anthropologists is to understand how communities understood the concept of health. Medical anthropologists have explored various ways, which different cultures used to understand the concept of disease and health. First is ecological or epidemiological view. Its concern posits the interaction between natural environment and culture to create pattern of diseases and health (Parker and Harper, 2005:123). Second is the critical (applied) medical anthropology view that focuses on how politics and economics affected human health. Third is interpretive view, which concerns with how culture related some symbolic meaning to understand and describe a disease. Epidemiological Perspective Epidemiology concern is to understand how factors within human population would affect human health. The concern of epidemiologists is to investigate cultural factors that contributed to diseases. These cultural factors include eating habit, sexual activity, medical practices, w ork, social interaction and geographical location (Bhasin). The paradox of this anthropological approach is that it cannot be able to identify the causing factors of these illnesses. However, traditionalists advised their people on what practices were best suitable in relation to health or disease risk. Epidemiologistsââ¬â¢ research across cultures indicated that illnesses differ (Sharma and Gautam, 2006:143). For instance, blood pressure research conducted across cultures has indicated that pressure differs. The outcome of the study suggests differences across cultures might be the likable cause. The assumption made through medical ecology is that universal approach is applicable in categorising diseases. Measuring of diseases can take geographical dimension, where changes in pattern of settlement could project the anticipated disease or health outcome. For instance, medical anthropologists believe that measuring and mapping of haemoglobin is possible in relation to a given geog raphical region (McElroy, 2002:9). The study of disease in such area would focus on human physiology in relation to the environment. For instance, a disease such as malaria occurs in a given geographical area. The understanding of this condition is very important when it comes to diagnosing of the disease. It is not surprising that the colonial masters that arrived in Africa faced the challenge of Malaria. Ethno medicine The focus of ethno medicine is to explore practices and health beliefs, social roles, and cultural values. The perspective originally focused on the primitive system of life in relation to folk medicine. Today ethno medicine means health maintenance in the society (Elmer, 2004:27). Understanding the concept of ethno medicine, the beliefs, values, and knowledge of specialists in various communities is important. Since ethno medicine encompasses a number of factors, it gives detailed information on how communities interpreted illnesses and the techniques applied in me eting the effects of the illnesses. Traditional healers in Indian culture practice the activities alongside biomedicine that a patient in India would seek (Williams, 2006:215). The role played by the specialists in the traditional times has not faded, as one would think. Some communities demonstrate inclination to traditional methods as much as they would seek biomedicine. Interpretive Perspective Cultures a cross the globe associate different meaning to issues that Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-67915057938950182702020-01-29T00:43:00.001-08:002020-01-29T00:43:02.202-08:00Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay Example for Free Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay The character Margaret is married to Brick, the son of Big Daddy. They live together in Big Daddys house, along with his wife, Big Mama. We, as readers learn a lot about her character from the way she speaks, by what is said about her and by the stage directions. We also gain a good insight into her relationships with the people around her. Margarets relationship with Brick comes across as quite bizarre. His lack of interest in what she has to say gives the impression that he doesnt care and also shows a slight lack of respect. For example, when Brick replies to Maggies first line in the play, he says Whad you say, Maggie? The stage directions prior to his response read A tone of politely feigned interest, masking indifference or worse. Other stage directions describing his attitude to Maggies statements share the same negativity; such as Without interest., Wryly, Absent mindedly, Dreamily, followed by sarcastic comments. We also get the impression that Brick doesnt find his wife as attractive as other men do. On page twenty-one, Maggie says Way he always drops his eyes down my body when Im talkin to him, drops his eyes to my boobs an licks his old chops! The fact that shes telling her husband how other men show interest in her comes across as a subtle hint to her husband that perhaps he should appreciate her more. Almost reassuring herself, as well as him that shes an attractive woman. Bricks response however doesnt seem like the reply she was looking for. He describes her talk as disgusting. Theres also a sense of insecurity on Maggies front. When she catches Brick staring at her, she asks him continuously what hes thinking when he stares at her like that. On page twenty-five, Maggie says I wish you would lose your looks This is a particular strange request to make of ones partner. It makes readers assume she doesnt want to be attracted to Brick any longer. This assumption is soon backed up with fur ther lines on page twenty-eight when the couple talk of the conditions Maggie has to follow in order for Brick to continue living with her. They also refer to their bedroom as a cage, giving the sense of entrapment. Margarets relationship with Mae seems strained and false. Maggies continuous insulting of Maes children gives the impression that they dont get along particularly well. The topic of children in Maggie and Bricks relationship also seems awkward. Mae seems to take a patronising tone with Margaret on page twenty-nine when she says Maggie, honey, if you had children of your own youd know how funny that is It seems that Mae is well aware of Maggies envy towards her for having children and likes to bring it up from time to time. Margaret often refers to Big Daddy when shes attempting to make Brick jealous. When she was talking of the man who was looking her up and down, she was talking of Big Daddy, Bricks father. She uses him as an example of a man who gives her attention to try and get Brick to do the same. She also talks of Big Daddy not getting along with Gooper, Bricks brother or Mae. On page twenty, she says Big Daddy dotes on you honey. And he cant stand Brother Man and Brother Mans wife Big Daddy is also supposed to be dying of cancer, therefore theres a lot of talk of who will be getting the large share of his will. Margaret is obviously very aware of her sexuality. On the first page of the play, a stage direction says She steps out of her dress, stands in a slip of ivory satin lace. She also cares a lot about her appearance and what Brick thinks of her. I feel this because of her asking Brick what he thinks of her when he looks at her and because of stage directions such as She adjusts the angle of a magnifying mirror to straighten an eyelash Her relationship with her husband seems one sided and cruel. It seems as thought she wants children and a happy marriage like her sister in law however its made obvious that Brick doesnt share the same passion. We know from the continuous talk of Big Daddys will that she has dreams of being rich. So far, Williams has made Maggie seem like a desperate, hurt character that covers her pain up with her loud personality. Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-76580604928377577642020-01-20T21:05:00.001-08:002020-01-20T21:05:03.065-08:00Black vs. White and New vs. Old in Go Down, Moses Essay -- Go Down MosBlack vs. White and New vs. Old in Go Down, Mosesà à à à à à à In the novel Go Down, Moses, William Faulkner examines the relationship between blacks and whites in the South. His attempt to trace the evolution of the roles and mentalities of whites and blacks from the emancipation to the 1940s focuses on several key transitional figures. In "The Fire and the Hearth," Lucas Beauchamp specifically represents two extremes of pride: in the old people, who were proud of their land and their traditions; and in the new generation, whose pride forced them to break away from the traditions of the South. Lucas' background uniquely shapes him for this role. He represents the general sentiments of both blacks and whites because of his mixed heritage, and he represents the old and the new through his simultaneous pride in and rebellion against his blood relation to Lucius Quintus Carothers McCaslin. The new generation, both whites and blacks, rebelled against the respect older Southerners held for the land and tradition, although each rebelled for different reasons. As a sharecropper on Zack Edmonds' farm, Lucas displays his pride in his connection to Carothers McCaslin in a subtle, often unspoken manner. Yet this pride always exists parallel to his defensive pride in the black blood mixed with that white blood. Lucas credits the blood of Carothers in him as the source of the courage he needed to confront, and attempt to shoot, Zack Edmonds. But at the same time, the action that that courage initiated was an act of rebellion against what Lucas perceived as white oppression of his rights: Then, not rising yet, he took the cartridge from his pocket and looked at it again, musing--the live cartridge, not even stained, not corroded, the... ..., as they were no longer relevant to their world. All in all, Lucas Beauchamp's mixed heritage leads to opposing extremes of pride. Faulkner uses this duality to represent both blacks and whites in their transition from the old to the new generation. Lucas lives in the time after the emancipation, yet he has strong ties to the old traditions of the South because of the connections he has to Lucius Quintus Carothers McCaslin. Lucas' character thus represents the new, the old, the black, and the white. It covers the broad spectrum of mentalities of the South in the period which Faulkner treated in Go Down, Moses. Faulkner created a complex, viable character in Lucas to reveal the complexity and intertwining of all the different aspects of the South: racial and generational. Works Cited: Faulkner, William. Go Down Moses. New York: The Modern Library, 1995. Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-3737076057497103142020-01-12T17:29:00.001-08:002020-01-12T17:29:03.330-08:0020th Century World Literature a Madmanââ¬â¢s Diary EssayIn this paper we will research the Chinese Revolution of 1911. Talk about how is Lu Xunââ¬â¢s A Madmanââ¬â¢s Diary a reflection of Chinaââ¬â¢s revolutionary history, explain how In Diary, who the madman was and what he represented. Also we will look at and explain what cannibalism represented. And then we will discuss how this can be applied to our lives. The Revolution of 1911 was a period of time during Chinese history which overthrew Chinaââ¬â¢s last imperial dynasty, and established the Republic of China. It was made up of many fights and uprisings. What changed it all was the Wuchang Uprising on October 10, 1911, which was the result of the Railway Protection Movement. This ended with the resignation of the ââ¬Å"Last Emperorâ⬠on February 12, 1912, which marked the end of the Imperial rule and set up the Chinaââ¬â¢s Republican era. A Madmanââ¬â¢s Diary promoted Chinaââ¬â¢s education and progress similar to the style of Western civilization thorough first-person fiction that is obscenitively satirical. At the end of the piece, the madman says,â⬠Perhaps there are still children and future generations who have not yet fully adopted Confucian values are the likely candidates for social change. The have not yet read the history books pounding in the ideas of age-old morality and piety and social cannibalism. Their parents have not yet corrupted their belief system. Save the children, and save China. The exact words from the book says that the madman: was one of two brothers: Two brothers, whose names I need not mention here, were both good friends of mine in high school; but after a separation of many years we gradually lost touch. Some time ago I happened to hear that one of them was seriously ill. pg. 131 The Longman Anthology World Literature 2nd Ed The brother that was seriously ill was considered the madman and the only illness he was suffering from was a persecution complexity issue within himself. The madmanââ¬â¢s ideas represents the changes sought by the Revolution of 1911 which were a spirit of progress and reform at both social and personal levels; the rejection of an tyrannical traditionalism, conformity and ignorance. The madman respects writing as the source of apparent truth but is trying to gain true wisdom through the making of this novel literary. As cannibalism is metaphor for the unfeeling nature of Chinese feudalism, the madman is Lu Xunââ¬â¢s ideal persona. Furthermore, Lu Xun personifies his own ideals through his career choice to pursue writing in an effort to bring about the spiritual awakening that he believes the Chinese are in need of. In the end, Lu Xun effectively places himself as the ââ¬Å"madmanâ⬠and revolutionary of modern Chinese literature. This story has taught me a lot and I am glad that it was a piece of literature that we had to read. It taught me that no matter how crazy we think we are sometimes we are really the smartest ones in the bunch and it generally is just a persecution complex issue that we have with ourselves which we need to find a way to overcome. Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-42214879778278595852020-01-04T13:52:00.001-08:002020-01-04T13:52:03.654-08:00The Oil And Gas E P Industry - 1556 Words The oil and gas EP industry started back in 1859, when the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company of New York regrouped as Seneca Oil Company, found the first ever marketable oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania. Edwin Drake, a former railroad man, discovered a great amount of oil in his well that was refined into kerosene, a petroleum product. Even before the ââ¬Å"Drake Follyâ⬠(AOGHS), oil was sold and used for medicine, oil was only produced and found at smaller amounts. After this finding, the exploration and production industry hit off from that point on to discover more wells through drilling grounds all over the United States to find commercial oil to be refined into the market. The reasons for success in producing the shale formations were due to hydraulic fracturing also known as fracking, horizontal drilling, and directional drilling. George Mitchell was the ââ¬Å"Father of Fracking,â⬠had his trial and errors through finding a successful way ââ¬Å"to drill into a shale and fracture it with highly pressurized fluids, freeing natural gas to be drawn to the surfaceâ⬠(Gertner). Before this, fracturing the surface was not intentional for freeing natural gas from the shale play but now technology and times have changed. Due to fracking and horizontal drilling, this provides natural gas to approximately 15 million homes for a year with one trillion cubic feet of natural gas. 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Since the crude oil prices Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-76921799231574859762019-12-27T10:18:00.001-08:002019-12-27T10:18:03.231-08:00Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay - 904 Words Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Arthur Millers play, Death of a Salesman contains many themes of success and failure. They include the apartment buildings, the rubber hose, Willys brother Ben, the tape recorder, and the seeds for the garden. These symbols represent Willys attempts to be successful and his impending failure. In the start Willy and Linda moved to a home in Brooklyn, as it at the time seemed far removed form the city. Willy was younger and stronger and he believed he had a future full of success. When the script begins Willy is struggling to pay for his home, the city has seemed to grow and has smothered hisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Miller uses signs as something, which is help for the audience and can point them in the write direction. Death of a salesman is partly expressionistic, meaning that the central ideas are conveyed through symbols, symbols which involve the peaceful suburbs versus the city are, the flute as Willys father was a musician and the playing of the flute reminds Willy of the peace that there was before the outline of the towering apartment buildings closed in on his house. Other symbols include the stockings that Linda is mending while; unknown to her, Willy is giving new stockings to another woman who he is having an affair with without Linda knowing and the teenage Biff accuses Willy of giving away Lindas stockings to the women. The hose in Death of a Salesman directly relates to the theme of death, the hose is a line attached to the gas main in Willys house, which allows him to breathe the gas in to commit suicide. The hose also represents grief and deception. When Linda finds the hose she is afraid of its intended purpose. The tape recorder could show the change in Willys life through the advancement of technology, and signifies the point at which Willys career ends. Howard, who is much younger than Willy, finds more interest in the recorder than Willy himself and without any doubt fires Willy. But Willy can also be to blame for himShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Arthur Millers Death Of Salesman 1548 Words à |à 7 Pages Research paper on death of salesman Arthur Miller created stories that express the deepest meanings of struggle. Miller is the most prominent twentieth-century American playwrights. He based his works on his own life, and his observations of the American scene. Arthur Asher Miller was born 17 October 1915 in Manhattan, New York city. He was the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland. His parents had a prosperous clothing company. Unfortunately when the stock market crashed, because his familyRead MoreMarxism In Arthur Millers Death Of A Salesman1465 Words à |à 6 PagesThroughout Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s Death of a Salesman, Willy Lowman sought to attain the American Dream, but his distorted view of Marxist control ultimately provoked his physical, material, and mental destruction. Lowman, a middle-class salesman, husband, and father of two shared the ideology of many Americanââ¬â¢s, an ideology that hard work, dedication, and likeability was attainable regardless of social class, or life circumstances. 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However, the specific areas of the play that have most intrigued critics have changed over time, as different historical, social, and literary concerns lead critics to come up with different interpretations. By analyzing three different critical responses to Death of a Salesman, it will beRead MoreSymbolism In Arthur Millers Death Of A Salesman717 Words à |à 3 PagesArthur Millerââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Death of a Salesmanâ⬠takes place in New York City in the late 1940ââ¬â¢s. This play chronicles the life of Willy Loman, who often reflects upon his life and the decisions he has made. Miller characterizes Willy as guilt-stricke n by his decisions and driven for his children to achieve wealth and success through the use of symbolism, idioms, and similes. Miller uses symbolism to develop dimensions of Willyââ¬â¢s character. During one of his flashbacks, Willy remembers his affair with a womanRead MoreEssay on Symbolism in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1197 Words à |à 5 PagesSymbolism in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s play, Death of a Salesman is wrought with symbolism from the opening scene. Many symbols illustrate the themes of success and failure. They include the apartment buildings, the rubber hose, Willyââ¬â¢s brother Ben, the tape recorder, and the seeds for the garden. These symbols represent Willyââ¬â¢s attempts to be successful and his impending failure. When Willy and Linda purchased their home in Brooklyn, itRead More The Importance of Biff in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman682 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Importance of Biff in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Millerà à à The play Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller, follows the life of Willy Loman, a self-deluded salesman who lives in utter denial, always seeking the American Dream, and constantly falling grossly short of his mark. The memberââ¬â¢s of his immediate family, Linda, his wife, and his two sons, Biff and Happy, support his role. Of these supportive figures, Biffââ¬â¢s character holds the most importance, as Biff lies at the center Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-37357914365140678172019-12-19T06:07:00.001-08:002019-12-19T06:07:02.895-08:00Implementing Secure Pervasive Computing, Cleveland State... Implementing secure Pervasive Computing Anvesh Gandham, 2643127 Secure and Dependable computing, Cleveland State University Introduction: We are watching the birth of a new revolution in computer paradigm that guarantees to profoundly affect the way we associate with the computers, gadgets, physical spaces and other individuals. This new technology helps to create a world where all embedded processors, computers, sensors and digital communication are inexpensive products which can be used anywhere in the world which helps in eliminating time and place barriers by making services available to all users everywhere. Pervasive computing will surround users with a comfortable and convenient information environment that combines physical and computational infrastructures into an integrated habitat. This feature will rapidly increase the number of computing devices and sensors which provide new functionality, specialized services and increase productivity, interaction. Context awareness helps this feature to take responsibility in serving users and managing itself to perform tasks, group activities and be user f riendly all the time in a physical space which is called ââ¬Å"active space.â⬠Pervasive computing has some features like Extending computing boundaries, Invincibility, Creating smart spaces, Context awareness, mobility and adaptability. All the recent researches in pervasive computing focus on building structure and creating active spaces. 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Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words à |à 860 Pagesthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978)Read MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words à |à 299 Pagesservices and case studies, visit us today at xerox.com/millions. xerox.com/millions 1- 800 - ASK-XEROX à ©2007 XEROX CORPORATION. All rights reserved. XEROXà ® and Thereââ¬â¢s a new way to look at it à ® are trademarks of XEROX CORPORATION in the United States and/or other countries. HBR.org G 1. BETTER NAVIGATION 2. ANSWERS WHEN YOU NEED THEM APRIL 2007 O TO HBR.ORG, AND YOUââ¬â¢LL NOTICE SOME CHANGES. Weââ¬â¢ve rolled out our ï ¬ rst stage of Web site enhancements, the culmination of which will be anRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7562357711692213797.post-9169619590713677312019-12-11T02:49:00.001-08:002019-12-11T02:49:04.132-08:00Communities of Practice at Hewlett Packard Questions: 1.Identify the processes that human resource professionals use to support communities of practice.2.Describe how communities of practice contribute to the development of a high-performance work environment. 3.Recommend two specific actions that a human resource professional might take to facilitate communities of practice. Answers: 1. The three processes played by the human resource professional in support of Community of Practice (CoP). First, establishing the links between the targeted members. The HR department can help to identify the people with specific expertise and skills in an organization. To establish a link between these teams, also known as the community, transparency ought to be there (Ardichvili, et al., 2006, p. 43 ). The second process is to build trust that would enable sharing of knowledge among the established team. The last process would be to ensure that the team is motivated to engage in ongoing exchange of common ideas and problems facing them. 2. The participants in the CoP learn together by tackling problems that relate directly to their work. Their work performance has become more effective and easier and coming up with sharing practices. CoP help in generating knowledge management and sharing, renewal and reinforce relationship in the company and improve productivity (Taylor, 2013, p. 71). ?The human resource professional and the creation and maintenance of communities of practice There are two ways that the HRM can contribute to the development and maintenance of the CoP. First a HR department can facilitate the creation of CoP infrastructure and context within the organization. The success of CoP in an organization fully depend on the support received from the HR professions. Second, the HRM can be involved directly in the creation of CoP. For instance, the department can offer consultancy and coaching services to the teams/ communities (Wenger Snyder, 2010, p. 67). 3. To provide the infrastructure, context and the required support for creating and maintaining CoP. o promote the culture of trust, transparency and knowledge sharing among the employees with common professions. References List Ardichvili, A., Maurer, M., Wei, L. Wentling, T., 2006. Cultural Influences on Knowledge Sharing Through Online Communities of Practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(1), pp. 94-107. Taylor, G., 2013. Implementing and Maintaining a Knowledge Sharing Culture via Knowledge Management Teams: A Shared Leadership Approach. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 17(1), pp. 69-91 . Wenger, E. C. Snyder, W. M., 2000. Communities of Practice: The Organizational Frontier. [Online] Available at: https://hbr.org/2010/01/communities-of-practice-the-organizational-frontier [Accessed 10 04 2017]. Neal Blackwellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14586436305282183813noreply@blogger.com0